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Reducing alcohol consumption by young people and so improve their health, safety and well-being: online progress map
- Author:
- CENTRE FOR EXCELLENCE AND OUTCOMES IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE'S SERVICES
- Publisher:
- Centre for Excellence and Outcomes in Children and Young People's Services
- Publication year:
- 2010
- Place of publication:
- London
Over the last few years alcohol consumption has decreased slightly among young people. Among those young people who consume alcohol, some are consuming increasing amounts, particularly 11 to 13-year-olds. There are a range of harms associated with alcohol use among young people, including those related to their physical, emotional and social wellbeing. Of particular concern with regard to longer-term harms are those young people who, by 16 years of age, are binge drinking or drinking so that they experience being very drunk. C4EO’s interactive data site enables local authority managers to evaluate their current position in relation to a range of key national indicators and to easily access publicly available comparative data on young people’s alcohol consumption.
A narrative review of reviews of interconnecting risks (IR) of mental health problems for young people
- Authors:
- EDBROOKE-CHILDS Julian, DEIGHTON Jessica
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Family Therapy, 43(4), 2021, pp.748-772.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
The aim of this narrative review is to examine the most prevalent multiple or interconnecting risks of mental health problems that have been identified in previous reviews of the literature and to examine those most prevalent for children and young people. Overall, ten databases were searched for published literature reviews, and from 1,556 unique hits, 91 reviews examining individual risks were included, with 35 reviews examining interconnecting risks. The findings suggest that interpersonal connection plays a central role in interconnecting risks, as indicated by the number of interconnections between social groups, interpersonal, parental relationships and family cohesion with other risk themes. Family and systemic approaches have clear value in supporting young people by enabling the development of a secure relational foundation on which to build future protective interpersonal connections. (Edited publisher abstract)
How far have we come? An updated scoping review of young carers in the U.S.
- Authors:
- HENDRICKS Bailey A., KAVANAUGH Melinda S., BAKITAS Marie A
- Journal article citation:
- Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 38(5), 2021, pp.491-504.
- Publisher:
- Springer
Approximately 1.4 million young carers (aged 8–18) in the United States are providing multifaceted, extended care to adults with serious illness, in addition to their family, home, and/or school responsibilities. In 2015 an initial review of U.S. research on young carers highlighted the need for longitudinal research, interventions, and national policy. The aim of this review is to identify young carer research since the original review to assess progress in better serving young carers’ needs and to identify persistent gaps for future research. Using Arksey & O’Malley’s Scoping Review Framework to answer our research question of how many studies have been conducted since the initial review, we (1) identified relevant studies, (2) performed study selection, (3) charted the data, and (4) summarized and reported results. We also reviewed young carer research outside of the U.S. to compare transnational progress. The search yielded only four U.S. studies representing 507 CC; age range 8–25 years. Most often the young carers reported more responsibilities than the adult care recipient and a variety of factors contributing to their experience. A separate review yielded eight non-U.S. studies and similar findings. Mirroring the 2015 review, results detail a lack of consistency regarding the terminology and age range for young carers. Despite a previous call to action, there exists both a continued need for tailored interventions to prevent or mitigate potential negative outcomes related to the caregiving role, and a need for further research and global policy development. (Edited publisher abstract)
Parentification among young carers: a concept analysis
- Author:
- HENDRICKS Bailey A.
- Journal article citation:
- Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 38(5), 2021, pp.519-531.
- Publisher:
- Springer
There are approximately 1.4 million young carers in the United States alone. Being a young carer can result in parentification, a type of role reversal that occurs when children take on the roles and responsibilities of the adult. The purpose of this concept analysis is to provide a better understanding of the phenomenon of parentification among young carers through a description of its antecedents, attributes, and consequences using the steps of Rodgers’ evolutionary method. The databases CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus were searched to identify 25 articles. The antecedents of the concept include the dependency of the care receiver and the child’s adoption of a caregiving role. The attributes include fairness, obligation, resiliency, individuation, confidence in performing care tasks, cultural normalcy, family system functioning, support system, family resources, caregiver-care receiver relationship, and awareness of the child’s needs. Parentification has both positive and negative consequences that impact the young carer. The antecedents, consequences, and identifiable attributes of the concept are presented through this work to provide a comprehensive picture of parentification among young carers. These findings showcase the multidimensional nature of parentification and the broad impact that it can have on young carers. While these findings do provide greater insight into young carers, the fact remains that little is known about this underserved and underacknowledged population. This concept analysis provides a foundation of understanding that specifies potential targets for intervention development, as well as modifiable outcomes, that can be explored through future research and intervention work. (Edited publisher abstract)
The trauma of violence and its impact on young people in Northern Ireland: the state of evidence
- Authors:
- WALSH Colm, GRAY Ann Marie
- Publisher:
- ARK
- Publication year:
- 2021
- Pagination:
- 12
- Place of publication:
- Newtownabbey
This brief draws on published research evidence on the trauma of violence and its impact on young people and discussion at a roundtable event organised by ARK held on 1 July 2021. The roundtable was conducted under the anonymity of reporting allowed under The Chatham House Rule. Attendees included representatives from government departments, statutory agencies and voluntary and community organisations. The brief presents the research information and highlights emerging issues; this is followed by a summary of the three short presentations which provided context for the discussion at the roundtable. Points raised included: there had been a failure to acknowledge the range of traumatic experiences and that the concentration on the home meant that the significance of other sites of violence was less acknowledged and understood; this is a very opportune time to focus the trauma of violence given the pressures emanating from political instability and recent unrest in some areas and the additional challenges that many young people and services will have experienced during the COVID 19 Pandemic; arrival of patients who have been affected by violence at an Emergency Department can be a point when people re-evaluate – it is a ‘reachable or teachable’ moment; evidence suggest that the additional support of a youth worker during this traumatic moment and follow up youth work support has positive impacts; young men need a better understanding of the consequences of violence – too often violence is normalised or seen as ‘inevitable’; traditional gender norms and. in particular, the ways that masculinity is ‘performed’ need to be challenged. (Edited publisher abstract)
Psychosocial interventions situated within the natural environment with young people who have experienced trauma: a scoping review
- Authors:
- BODDY Jennifer, et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Social Work, 51(3), 2021, pp.1018-1040.
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
The natural environment is increasingly used in therapeutic psychosocial interventions for young people who have experienced trauma. However, as the research in this area has yet to be synthesised, very little is known about the types and outcomes of interventions. This prevents the optimisation of social work interventions in outdoor settings. Consequently, a scoping review of peer-reviewed research published from 2008 to 2018 was undertaken to examine how nature is being used in psychosocial interventions with young people aged ten to twenty-four years who have experienced trauma and the impact of these interventions on young people’s mental health. The database search identified 5,425 records; however, only ten papers met the inclusion criteria. These papers suggested that positive changes across a range of mental health outcomes for young people were achieved in psychosocial interventions which were situated in, or made use of the natural environment, although it is unclear whether the environment influenced the outcomes. The scoping review also highlighted the need for conducting further research that examines how environmental factors contribute to clinical change for young people who have experienced trauma. (Edited publisher abstract)
What we talk about when we talk about vulnerability and youth crime: a narrative review
- Authors:
- BUI Laura, DEAKIN Jo
- Journal article citation:
- Aggression and Violent Behavior, 58, 2021, p.101605.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Describing young people who offend or who are more likely to offend as vulnerable or having vulnerability seems commonplace in the literature as of late. Although the use of vulnerability in the research literature on youth crime appears widespread, its meaning, nonetheless, is unclear: if not assumed or implicit, it fluctuates across studies. Because of this ambiguity, we systematically review the empirical literature on youth crime between 1990 and 2020 to gauge how vulnerability is understood now and over time. A total of 19 studies out of 631 original records met the inclusion criteria. The included studies neatly fit into pre-existing classifications of vulnerability from the research literature. The vast majority of the included studies appeared in the decade 2010 to 2019, and meanings of vulnerability as social disadvantage and risk first appeared during this time. Overall and underlying meanings of vulnerability as well as their research and real-world implications are discussed. (Edited publisher abstract)
Nitrous oxide use among young people – new trends, policy challenges, and knowledge gaps
- Authors:
- FRANK Vibeke Asmussen, MacLEAN Sarah, HEROLD Maria Dich
- Journal article citation:
- Drugs and Alcohol Today, 20(4), 2020, pp.383-392.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: Nitrous oxide (N2O) use for recreational purposes appears to have increased among young people in several countries, including Denmark, Australia, The Netherlands and the UK. This increase has prompted concern among health authorities and politicians. The purpose of this paper is to map out findings in the available literature about N2O use among young people to better understand current trends and contextualize the public concerns and the new policy responses to it. Design/methodology/approach: The authors draw here on a range of sources, including research literature, reports and policy documents in English and Danish. Given the broad aim, the authors used a scoping study approach (Arksey and O’Malley, 2005). Findings: The authors found literature on prevalence of use, health effects and policy regulations. The literature suggests that health harms associated with N2O use are generally associated with intensive and long-term use, and death is more likely where the means of administration entails a risk of suffocation. Overall, however, the analysis shows that substantial gaps exist in the available literature. The authors lack detailed knowledge on several issues, including comparable prevalence data of N2O use; the extent to which N2O is used with other drugs; how one can distinguish between harmful and non-harmful use in terms of both quantity inhaled and mode of administration; and on intended and unintended consequences of policy responses to this use. Originality/value: The current increase and trend in inhaling N2O for intoxication among young people is under researched. This general review maps out what kind of knowledge would be valuable to have for prevention, harm reduction and policy interventions. (Edited publisher abstract)
Meta-analysis of the effects of two interviewing practices on children’s disclosures of sensitive information: rapport practices and question type
- Authors:
- LAVOIE Jennifer, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 113, 2021, p.104930.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background & objective: The forensic interview is an important part of the investigative process with child witnesses, and ensuring evidence-based practices is crucial to its success. This meta-analysis examined the overall effect of rapport practices and question type on children’s disclosures during forensic interviews to determine (a) how large of an influence existing practices have on children’s tendency to disclose information, and (b) how consistent the effect sizes of interviewing practices are across studies, given that inconsistent results have been found. Method: A systematic review of child interviewing practices was conducted, and 35 studies met the inclusion criteria. Articles were categorized thematically according to interviewing practice. Two practices were predominantly represented in the literature and were selected for review and meta-analysis: rapport techniques, including interviewer support, (n = 9), and question type (n = 25 samples, 23 studies). Random-effects meta-analytic models were computed separately for rapport practices and question type, and moderator analyses were conducted to test for differences according to age and interviewing protocol. Results: Rapport techniques had a medium overall effect on children’s disclosures (d = 0.55, p < .001), and was moderated by the interviewing protocol used, but not children’s age. Open-ended questions compared to closed-ended questions had a medium overall effect on children’s descriptions of sensitive events (d = 0.52, p < .001), and was not moderated by age or interviewing protocol. Conclusions: These findings provide overarching support for the use of rapport and support, and the use of open-ended questions in forensic interviews with child witnesses. (Edited publisher abstract)
Improving program implementation and client engagement in interventions addressing youth homelessness: a meta-synthesis
- Authors:
- CURRY Susanna R., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 120, 2021, p.105691.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Evidence on the effectiveness of programs serving unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness remains limited and mixed, and we know little about the factors that contribute to participant engagement and program implementation across contexts. Objective: In this meta-synthesis of current findings on youth interventions, we explore the following research questions: (1) What are common programmatic or contextual factors that researchers and/or practitioners identify as contributing to the successful implementation of an intervention for homeless and unstably housed youth? and (2) What programmatic or contextual factors do youth and practitioners identify as hindering successful implementation of an intervention for these youth? Methods: Through systematic searches of academic databases for articles and reports published between 2008 and 2018—as well as identifying unpublished concurrent studies through professional outreach, hand-searching reference lists, and searches of websites—we screened 1602 studies through two levels of blind review. We then inductively coded the resulting 47 studies that met our inclusion criteria to identify patterns and gaps in the existing literature about implementation and engagement in these programs. Results: Most of the studies analyzed took place in urban settings, were based on programs located in the United States, and included a variety of interventions from behavioral health treatment to street outreach and case management. The 47 eligible studies included 3112 youth and 495 staff participants. Only 3 out of the 47 studies explicitly focused on racial or LGBTQ equity. Two primary themes regarding factors that support successful implementation and engagement were identified: (1) Organizational and system-wide policies can shape the quality and duration of interventions, and (2) Staff behaviors and training are paramount to the success of many interventions. With respect to organizational and system-wide policies, many studies highlighted the importance of fostering a developmentally appropriate balance between structure and flexibility; considerations to access including low-barrier options when appropriate; concerns regarding the physical space of the program; and coordination with other agencies, particularly for effective referrals. With respect to staffing behaviors and training, studies highlighted that engagement with youth experiencing homelessness requires strong communication, a youth-centered approach, and a “flexible, non-judgmental orientation,” that allows youth a substantial level of self-determination. Conclusions: Given these findings, this review supports services that emphasize empowerment and anti-paternalism, and increased attention to racial and LGBTQ equity in future exploration of implementation and engagement within programs designed for youth experiencing homelessness. (Edited publisher abstract)