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Trauma experiences of people with an intellectual disability and their implications: a scoping review
- Authors:
- McNALLY Paddy, TAGGART Laurence, SHEVLIN Mark
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 34(4), 2021, pp.927-949.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Background: People with an intellectual disability are more vulnerable to psychological trauma compared with the general population. The aim of this scoping review was to identify the current status of the literature on trauma that is specific to the experiences of adults with an intellectual disability, living in community settings. Methods: A scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley (International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 2005, 8, 19) framework. Forty-one international papers were reviewed spanning 2000–2020, and their quality assessed using the MMAT. Findings: (1) Aggressive behaviours can be symptoms of trauma, (2) there are appropriate assessment tools for the impact of trauma, (3) evidence-based interventions for trauma may be effective, and (4) factors associated with disability can be experienced as traumatic. Conclusion: There is a growing body of literature highlighting assessment needs and potential interventions for people with an intellectual disability who have experienced psychological trauma. Further research is needed to develop trauma-informed pathways. (Edited publisher abstract)
Dealing with trauma as an intervention for aggression: a review of approaches and the value of reprocessing
- Author:
- WORTHINGTON Rachel
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research, 4(2), 2012, pp.108-118.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
This paper provides a summary of the literature in relation to theories of aggression and trauma. The aim is to explore the impact of trauma with specific consideration to the neurological impact this has on information processing and potential links with aggression. Another aim is to consider a theoretical rationale for why addressing trauma through a treatment such as Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) may assist to reduce aggression. The paper argues that the experience of trauma may contribute to inputs which may take a person closer towards engaging in aggression. Factors specifically identified include physiological hyper-arousal, hostile attributions of stimulus, and neurological impairments. The paper also argues that trauma may result in impairment of a person's ability to provide cognitive accounts for the function of their behaviour because of reduced interactivity between the 2 prefrontal hemispheres. As a result, interventions designed to reduce aggression may benefit from including additional elements which directly assist clients to process emotional information. EMDR seeks to stimulate the memory network where the trauma is stored and then uses alternating eye movements in order to stimulated accelerated information processing. This article argues that use of this therapy could assist in reducing levels of emotional arousal and thus improve treatment effectiveness.
The relationship between trauma and violence in a jail inmate sample
- Authors:
- NELLER Daniel J., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(9), September 2006, pp.1234-1241.
- Publisher:
- Sage
This American study explored the relationship between trauma and violence by examining self-reported trauma as a predictor of self-reported violence in 93 jail inmates. Ninety-six percent of the sample reported experiencing a traumatic event, and 67% reported having been violent during the year preceding incarceration. Inmates reporting trauma were more than twice as likely to report having been violent than non-violent. Stepwise multiple regression analyses suggested traumatic events, as a combined model, significantly contributed to violence perpetration. In addition, witnessing serious violence predicted perpetration of violence. Implications and limitations of the present study are discussed.
Investigating the cyclical hypothesis of client aggression as a ‘loss spiral’: Can child protection worker distress lead to more client aggression?
- Authors:
- LAMOTHE Josianne, GEOFFRION Steve, GUAY Stephane
- Journal article citation:
- Health and Social Care in the Community, 30(1), 2022, pp.275-283.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Working in a stressful environment, child protection workers (CPWs) are often victims of psychological and physical acts of aggression perpetrated by their clients. This can be emotionally distressing for CPWs. Previous authors have suggested that this distress could place CPWs at greater risk for subsequent victimisation if they become emotionally unavailable to their clients. This study sought to investigate whether the distress experienced after an act of client aggression or other types of potentially traumatic events could indeed predict subsequent victimisation over time. Using cross-lagged panel analysis, researchers administered standardised questionnaires to 173 CPWs who had experienced an act of client aggression or other type of potentially traumatic event in the month prior. Participants were asked to fill out additional questionnaires 2, 6 and then 12 months later. Researchers found that CPW distress did in fact predict subsequent victimisation at the 2-month time point only. Researchers then conducted a generalised linear model analysis to test the influence of sociodemographic variables and the moderating influence of supervisor support. Supervisor support did not moderate the relationship between initial distress levels and increased aggression 2 months later. The study concludes by examining how the emotional distress of CPWs can negatively impact clients and how organisations can best provide support, in part, by rethinking aggression prevention. (Edited publisher abstract)
The association between aggression, traumatic event exposure and post traumatic stress disorder of looked after young people
- Authors:
- WEBB Rachel, JOHNSON Dan
- Journal article citation:
- Scottish Journal of Residential Child Care, 18(3), 2019, pp.6-23. Online only
- Publisher:
- Department of Social Work. University of Strathclyde.
This study identified an association between symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and aggression in a sample of looked after young people. Observational data on PTSD symptoms and the frequency of aggressive behaviours was obtained for a sample of 36 boys and 13 girls in residential and secure care over a retrospective 28 day period. The study identified high rates of traumatic event exposure and PTSD symptoms, with 51% meeting the criteria for a likely diagnosis of PTSD. The severity of PTSD symptoms was also found to be associated with verbal and physical aggression towards members of staff and peers within the care environment. (Publisher abstract)
Cumulative trauma and symptom complexity in children: a path analysis
- Authors:
- HODGES Monica, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 37(11), 2013, p.891–898.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Multiple trauma exposures during childhood are associated with a range of psychological symptoms later in life. In this study, we examined whether the total number of different types of trauma experienced by children (cumulative trauma) is associated with the complexity of their subsequent symptomatology, where complexity is defined as the number of different symptom clusters simultaneously elevated into the clinical range. Children's symptoms in six different trauma-related areas (e.g., depression, anger, posttraumatic stress) were reported both by child clients and their caretakers in a clinical sample of 318 children. Path analysis revealed that accumulated exposure to multiple different trauma types predicts symptom complexity as reported by both children and their caretakers. (Publisher abstract)
A culturally-informed approach to trauma, suicidal behaviour, and overt aggression in African American adolescents
- Authors:
- GRAVES Kelly N., KASLOW Nadine J., FRABUTT James M.
- Journal article citation:
- Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(1), January 2010, pp.36-41.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Trauma is a risk factor for suicidal behaviours and overt aggression among youth. These problems are particularly prevalent among low-income African American populations. This article reviews the literature on trauma and both suicidal behaviours and overt aggression among youth, as well as the links between trauma and both internalised and externalised aggression. Particular attention is paid to these constructs in African American youth. A public health based model, referred to as the Theory of Triadic Influence, is offered as a useful framework for examining the linkages among trauma, various risk and protective factors, and both suicidal behaviours and overt aggression. Using the Theory of Triadic Influence model as a framework, risk and protective factors can be separated into intrapersonal; social and situational; and cultural and environmental domains. The article concludes that, as the way that trauma is experienced differs by cultural context, understanding trauma through a cultural lens is essential for intervention development.
Anger, PTSD, and the nuclear family: a study of Cambodian refugees
- Authors:
- HINTON Devon E., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Social Science and Medicine, 69(9), November 2009, pp.1387-1394.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
This study profiles the family-directed anger of traumatized Cambodian refugees, all survivors of the Pol Pot genocide who were patients at a psychiatric clinic in Lowell, MA, USA. Survey data were collected from a convenience sample of 143 Cambodian refugee patients from October 2006 to August 2007. The study revealed that 48% of the patients had anger directed toward a nuclear family member in the last month, with anger directed toward children being particularly common. Responses to open-ended questions revealed the causes of anger toward a significant other and children, the content of anger-associated trauma recall, and what patients did to gain relief from anger. A type of cultural gap, namely, a linguistic gap (i.e., the parent's lack of English language skills and the child's lack of Khmer language skills), seemingly played a role in generating conflict and anger. Nuclear family-type anger was associated with PTSD presence. The effect of anger on PTSD severity resulted in part from anger-associated trauma recall and fears of bodily dysfunction, with 54% of the variance in PTSD severity explained by that regression model. The study: 1) suggests that among traumatized refugees, family-related anger is a major clinical concern; 2) illustrates how family-related anger may be profiled and investigated in trauma-exposed populations; and 3) gives insights into how family-related anger is generated in such populations.
You should know better: expressions of empathy and disregard among victims of massive social trauma
- Authors:
- CHAITIN Julia, STEINBERG Shoshana
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Aggression Maltreatment and Trauma, 17(2), 2008, pp.197-226.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
It is widely believed that victims of extreme violence should be sensitive to the suffering of others, although much of the psychosocial literature points to the opposite conclusion. This study of the psychosocial effects of the Holocaust and attitudes towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict shows that being a victim of extreme collective violence often (although not always) inhibits empathy towards others and creates continued animosity. A focus on the inter-generational aspects of victimhood shows that these negative effects can persist long after the original collective violence took place. (Copies of this article are available from: Haworth Document Delivery Centre, Haworth Press Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580).
Exploring the moderating influence of delinquent peers on the link between trauma, anger, and violence among male youth: implications for social work practice
- Authors:
- MASCHI Tina, BRADLEY Carolyn
- Journal article citation:
- Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 25(2), April 2008, pp.125-138.
- Publisher:
- Springer
This study’s objective was to explore the influence of delinquent peer exposure, on the relationship between male youths’ histories of trauma, anger, and violent behaviour. Using a nationally representative sample of US male adolescents aged 12–17 and self report interviews, information was gathered on their levels of exposure to violence, stressful life events (SLE), anger, depression, delinquent peer exposure, and violent behaviour. Results of a moderation analyses revealed that youth who reported higher levels of exposure to trauma, anger, and delinquent peers were at an increased risk for anger and for violent offending. Delinquent peer exposure exerted a significant interaction effect on the relationship between anger and violent offending. The implications for prevention and intervention efforts are delineated.