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The U.S. long term care system: development and expansion occurring retirement communities as an innovative model for aging in place
- Authors:
- GUO Kristina L., CATILLO Richard J.
- Journal article citation:
- Ageing International, 37(2), June 2012, pp.210-227.
- Publisher:
- Springer
- Place of publication:
- New York
This paper describes the importance of naturally occurring retirement communities (NORCs) in the United States to promote the health and mental well being of older individuals through the collaborative efforts of formal and informal home and community based services and support. NORCs are considered a crucial model for aging in place since older adults prefer to remain in the comfort of their homes, and services can be provided in a much more efficient and cost effective manner. This paper examines the strengths, opportunities, and challenges of existing NORCs and discusses the need for the development and expansion of additional NORC programs as an innovative and viable solution for older adults aging in place.
Residential complexes in Queensland, Australia: a space of segregation and ageism?
- Authors:
- PETERSEN Maree, WARBURTON Jeni
- Journal article citation:
- Ageing and Society, 32(1), January 2012, pp.60-84.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Large residential complexes comprising retirement villages and care facilities have become synonymous with specialised housing for older people. This paper explores the geographies of residential complexes in Queensland, Australia. The paper outlines how the professional knowledge of designers, planners and policy makers shape and frame the place of older people in contemporary society. The authors suggest that professional knowledge is characterised by contradictions, and that business interests sustain stereotypes of older people as either ageless or dependent. Furthermore, spaces designed for older people reinforce historical legacies of separation from the community. This form of built environment can thus be seen as both a cause and effect of ageism. The authors conclude that the lack of attention by gerontology to these spaces has hampered discussion of alternatives for older people's housing in Australia and the subsequent development of urban and social planning.
Housing market and independence in old age: expanding the opportunities
- Authors:
- BALL Michael, et al
- Publisher:
- University of Reading. Henley Business School
- Publication year:
- 2011
- Pagination:
- 45p.
- Place of publication:
- Reading
The findings of research on housing for older people who live in specialist private retirement accommodation, called owner occupied retirement housing, are outlined in this report. There are currently around 105,000 owner occupied retirement housing dwellings in the UK, generally specially designed blocks of apartments with communal facilities, house managers and other networks of support, and purchased on a leasehold basis. The report notes that people living in this type of accommodation express very high levels of satisfaction with the lifestyle, but that the amount of housing of this type is relatively small (comprising approximately 2% of the total number of homes for those aged 65 and over). It highlights the benefits of specialised private retirement accommodation and recommends a number of policy changes to help increase its supply and address the challenges of housing an ageing population. It discusses why this type of housing matters, why the supply of owner occupied retirement housing needs to increase and its benefits, how public policy factors have contributed to restraining the supply of owner occupied retirement housing and how public policy can help to increase the supply of such housing in the future.
Personalisation and housing in an age of austerity
- Author:
- MOORE Bruce
- Journal article citation:
- Housing Care and Support, 13(4), December 2010, pp.10-14.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
The author looks at the role of housing for older people in the context of the current political and economic climate in the UK. He believes that “third generation” retirement housing will be very different from the more traditional warden controlled, protection and dependence style, based as it was on good intention but demonstrating ageist assumptions and attitudes. It is suggested that a wholesale shift towards the culture of personalisation will be necessary for providers, but will also present challenges and additional demands on both providers and commissioners of services. The article offers two particular principles that the provider Hanover is using to guide its approach to changing its relationship with residents and to give them the power to exercise control. The first is to “provide clarity to allow choice” and the second “to help people to make choices and help themselves”.
Why retirement housing deserves priority
- Author:
- BEST Richard
- Journal article citation:
- Housing Care and Support, 13(4), December 2010, pp.8-9.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
In this opinion piece, Lord Best (Chair of the All Party Parliamentary Group on Housing and Care for Older People) makes the case for retirement housing becoming a national priority. Based on the recent Housing an Ageing Population Panel for Innovation (HAPPI) publication (Homes and Communities Agency (HCA), Communities and Local Government (CLG) and Department of Health (DH), 2009), he argues that prioritising retirement housing will also help the next generation: selling and letting homes designed for the older occupier will, in turn, free up badly-needed family homes. However, Lord Best suggests the challenge will be to provide retirement housing that will meet the standards demanded by today’s older people, reduce loneliness and offer flexible care as and when need to enable independent living to continue for as long as possible.
The correlate of religion involvement and formal service use among community-dwelling elders: an explorative case of naturally occurring retirement community
- Author:
- LUN Man Wai Alice
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Social Work, 29(3), July 2010, pp.207-217.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
A naturally occurring retirement community (NORC) exists when both a considerable and disproportionate number of older people live in a community, such as proximal buildings and neighbourhoods. The study reported here examined the effect of religious status and religious practice on community-based service use, and formed part of a cross-sectional survey conducted among residents in an NORC in New York City in 2002. Among the 521 respondents the average age was 72.15 years, about 36.3% were male and 55.5% were married. About 31.1% of respondents lived alone. About 58% of the total respondents identified themselves as Chinese, 27% as Americans and 5% Italian-Americans. Among respondents 46.3% indicated that they used NORC senior services. Regarding religion, 52.8% thought religion played an important role in their life and 10.7% thought religion played no role in their life; 26.5% claimed that they often attended religious services and about 15.9% that they never attended religious services. Attitude toward religion did not significantly predict service use. However, attending religious services had an important negative relationship with formal service use after controlling for all social and demographic factors. In addition the factors of old age, perceived needs for a welcoming attitude from social service providers, English as a second language (ESL) class, and workshops were found to be significant predictors of service use. The implications of the findings are briefly discussed.
Weathering the downturn: what is the future for lifetime neighbourhoods?
- Editor:
- HARDING Ed
- Publisher:
- International Longevity Centre UK
- Publication year:
- 2009
- Pagination:
- 29p.
- Place of publication:
- London
Ensuring lifetime neighbourhoods for all has been a clear vision for sustainable planning for population aging in the UK. It is suggested that the economic downturn is causing some commentators to ask whether the original agenda and call to action represented by ‘Lifetime Homes, Lifetime Neighbourhoods - A National Strategy for Housing in an Aging Society’, can survive intact. Agreeing a course of action requires a new look at the original drivers, and the state of housing and development in this country. It also calls for a shared vision between the different actors needed to make the vision a reality: government, public service agencies, local authorities, private developers, professional organisations, housing associations and the voluntary sector. This discussion paper brings these voices together to analyse recent developments and debate the way forward for lifetime neighbourhoods. The report coincides with a discussion event and an updated edition is planned to reflect the outcome of this day. The report concludes that the success of lifetime neighbourhoods will depend on a clear shared vision between all those involved. It suggests that lifetime neighbourhoods were never a luxury and should sit clearly within mainstream sustainable planning.
History, accomplishments, issues and prospects of supportive service programs in Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities in New York State: lessons learned
- Authors:
- MACLAREN Catherine, LANDSBERG Gerald, SCHWARTZ Harry
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 49(1/2), 2007, pp.127-144.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORCs) are defined as buildings, housing complexes or small neighbourhoods with a significant population over the age of 60. Although not designed specifically for older people, they are places in which people want to stay as they get older and are thus ideal settings for the efficient and effective delivery of supportive services. This paper reviews the development of such services in some 35 NORCs in New York State, and draws lessons for providers elsewhere. Key elements contributing to the success of NORC programmes include their small physical scale, enabling efficient service delivery and coordination, and the ready accessibility of staff to residents. The small scale also facilitates the involvement of residents in decision making, while the support programme serves to boost the existing social infrastructure of the community. (Copies of this article are available from: Haworth Document Delivery Centre, Haworth Press Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580).
From retirement village to residential aged care: what older people and their families say
- Authors:
- CHEEK Julianne, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Health and Social Care in the Community, 15(1), January 2007, pp.8-17.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
This qualitative Australian study examined the transition into residential care from one form of community housing, the retirement village. In-depth interviews with 33 older people and 48 family members were conducted to illuminate the key issues and factors which influence the move of older people from retirement villages to residential aged care. Analysis of the data revealed the move to be influenced by: health-related crises; the creation of doubt as to ability to cope in the retirement village; the need for more or different care or support services; the desire for independence; assumptions about being able to move into the residential aged care facility co-located with the retirement village; availability of a place; navigating the system; and desirable aspects of a residential aged care facility. The findings of the study provide a description of the transition process from the perspectives of those directly affected, and contribute to the development of best practice in the provision of support to residents living in retirement villages and the community in general.
Models of very sheltered housing: rethinking housing for older people
- Author:
- KING Nigel
- Journal article citation:
- Housing Care and Support, 4(3), August 2001, pp.22-25.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
This year's Reith lectures focused on older people and questioned the inevitability of the ageing process. One lecture was to an audience of older people living in an 'extra care' scheme focused on activity and health - 'adding life to years'. In a specially commissioned series of articles, the author explains how extra care models and new 'retirement communities' are becoming an alternative to residential care and traditional sheltered housing. The first offers a typology for extra care. The second will be about modelling the care services, and the third on land and building development issues.