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The use and abuse of models of disability
- Authors:
- LLEWELLYN A., HOGAN K.
- Journal article citation:
- Disability and Society, 15(1), January 2000, pp.157-165.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
Throughout history, theorists have made use of the technology of the day to provide explanatory models of the behaviour they observe in order to provide an improved understanding of human behaviour. This article shows that models do have their place within disability research and discusses the implications of using the medical and social models of disability, together with two models from development psychology, namely the transactional model and systems theory, will be discussed. Argues that the usage of these models can aid understanding of disability in both research and clinical settings.
CASP-19 special section: how does chronic disease status affect CASP quality of life at older ages? examining the WHO ICF disability domains as mediators of this relationship
- Authors:
- SEXTON E., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Aging and Mental Health, 19(7), 2015, pp.622-633.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
Objectives: The effect of chronic disease status on quality of life (QoL) has been well established. However, less is known about how chronic diseases affect QoL. This article examines impairment in three domains of the WHO International Classification of Functioning, Health and Disability (ICF) – body function, activity and participation, as well as affective well-being, – as potential mediators of the relationship between chronic disease and QoL. Method: A cross-sectional sample (n = 4961) of the general Irish community-dwelling population aged 50+ years was obtained from the Irish Longitudinal Study of Ageing (TILDA). The CASP measure of QoL was examined as two dimensions – control/autonomy and self-realisation/pleasure. Structural equation modelling was used to test the direct and indirect effects of chronic disease on QoL, via variables capturing body function, activity, participation and positive affect. Results: A factor analysis showed that indicators of body function and activity loaded onto a single overall physical impairment factor. This physical impairment factor fully mediated the effect of chronic disease on positive affect and QoL. The total effect of chronic disease on control/autonomy (−0.160) was primarily composed of an indirect effect via physical impairment (−0.86), and via physical impairment and positive affect (−0.45). The decomposition of effects on self-realisation/pleasure was similar, although the direct effect of physical impairment was weaker. The model fitted the data well (RMSEA = 0.02, TLI = 0.96, CFI = 0.96). Conclusion: Chronic disease affects QoL through increased deficits in physical body function and activity. This overall physical impairment affects QoL both directly and indirectly via reduced positive affect. (Publisher abstract)
Disability issues for social workers and human services professionals in the twenty-first century
- Editors:
- MURPHY John W., PARDECK John T., (eds.)
- Publisher:
- Haworth Social Work Practice Press
- Publication year:
- 2005
- Pagination:
- 174p.
- Place of publication:
- Binghamton, NY
This text provides authoritative information that will prove to be of critical importance for disability professionals in the coming years. It covers aspects of disability that have not been well covered in the literature—issues surrounding spirituality, civil rights, and the “medical model vs. social (or minority) model” (of viewing disability) controversy. It examines the impact of the Americans with Disabilities Act in the wake of the Supreme Court’s narrowing of the Act’s powers and explore newly developed theories designed to more accurately define the true meaning of disability.
Early quantitative evidence on the impact of the pathways to work pilots
- Authors:
- ADAM Stuart, et al
- Publisher:
- Corporate Document Services; Great Britain. Department for Work and Pensions
- Publication year:
- 2006
- Pagination:
- 72p., bibliog.
- Place of publication:
- Leeds
This report focuses on the differences in some early quantitative outcomes between pathways and non-pathways areas. Two empirical techniques are used to investigate the early impact of the pilots on employment, earnings, receipt of incapacity benefits, and a potential indicator of the extent to which individuals' health affects their everyday activities.
The systems theory concept of disability: one is not born a disabled person, one is observed to be one
- Author:
- MICHAILAKIS Dimitris
- Journal article citation:
- Disability and Society, 18(2), March 2003, pp.209-229.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
The article aims at the theoretical development of the concept of disability, with particular reference to its integration with social systems theory. The concept of disability is discussed by suggesting that the predominant models within disability research cannot communicate with each other because they represent different observation points, all of them describing disability from within a specific system. It is the thesis of this article that the distinction between individual and society, which constitute the basis of the well-known scheme of observed differences between impairment, disability and 'handicap', is a distinction based on naive realism and obscures the problems within disability research. In line with a long tradition within sociology, social system theory rejects the belief that our concepts are representations of reality: the categories and concepts we use are distinctions that are system specific. It is through those distinctions that the phenomenon is observed. This implies that observations are not absolute but relative to the observer's perspective.
Doing disability research: activist lives and the academy
- Authors:
- GOODLEY Dan, MOORE Michele
- Journal article citation:
- Disability and Society, 15(6), October 2000, pp.861-882.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
The authors re-present a paper given at a conference on the performing arts of people with 'learning difficulties', where the audience was made up of performers, workers, providers and researchers. This paper attempted to be accessible, theoretical, political and practical. Secondly, the authors reflect upon this paper in relation to seven points of analysis that emerge at the boundaries of disability politics and disability research. Argues throughout that real efforts must be made to bridge these boundaries in ways that augment disability theory and politics together.
Counselling disabled people: a counsellor's perspective
- Author:
- OLIVER Joy
- Journal article citation:
- Disability and Society, 10(3), September 1995, pp.261-279.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
For many years professionals have assumed that disability is a problem for impaired individuals and that it is the disability that causes emotional or psychological problems. This research examines whether a specific model of counselling is needed to help disabled people cope with emotional effects of their disability. The causes of psychological distress are discussed and the way in which counsellors work are studied. Findings showed that more often than not it is the client's lack of control over their physical and social environment and not the impairment that causes emotional difficulties. Counsellors indicated that, through the facilitation of counselling, a sense of self empowerment in practical, emotional and social area could be achieved and this was the central theme emerging as the most distinctive aspect of counselling clients with physical impairments.
Multidisciplinary quality assessment: the case of a child development team, part I
- Author:
- HOWARD Lynne M.
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 57(9), September 1994, pp.345-348.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Places the concept of measuring quality in a multidisciplinary team within the context of child health services, with particular reference to provision for children with disabilities. Current preoccupations with measuring quality have been examined, noting that the difficulty of measuring service quality is compounded by quality itself being a concept open to a variety of interpretations. The managerial model of measuring quality of health care in a similar way to industrial quality has been rejected in favour of a qualitative approach, where consumers consider their needs to have been met and staff opinion concurs with this.
Australia’s National Disability Insurance Scheme: a collaboration opportunity for academia and industry
- Authors:
- MASON Jonathan, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Tizard Learning Disability Review, 23(3), 2018, pp.139-146.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to summarise the initial experiences of Australia’s National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS). It highlights some of the main challenges being faced by participants, service providers and government, and demonstrates how research can contribute to the ongoing implementation and success of the scheme. Design/methodology/approach: The historical basis for the need for a new approach to disability funding in Australia is explored. The opportunities that exist and the difficulties that are being encountered by those entering and working within the new scheme are discussed. Findings: Several problems were identified including difficult transitions between existing support frameworks to new “NDIS plans”, and the risk of market failure. Both the problems and their solutions are discussed and it is hoped that collaboration between the Commonwealth Government, service users, their families, service providers and universities can lead to a number of lasting improvements. Practical implications: The new funding framework provides exciting opportunities for increasing the funding of people with intellectual and physical disabilities in Australia. Developments in technology, service provision in rural and remote areas and the opportunity to meet aspirational life goals exist alongside a number of challenges, including the need to ensure that those with multiple and complex disabilities retain existing levels of support. Originality/value: The implementation of the NDIS is still underway, and opportunities exist to implement changes to the scheme where required. Research findings have an important role to play in the national debate regarding how best to improve quality of life for people with a disability in Australia. (Edited publisher abstract)
What evidence, whose evidence?: physical therapy in New York State's clinical practice guideline and in the lives of mothers of disabled children
- Author:
- LANDSMAN Gail H.
- Journal article citation:
- Social Science and Medicine, 62(11), June 2006, pp.2670-2680.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
To provide recommendations based on the best scientific evidence available about “best practices,” the New York State Department of Health Early Intervention Program sponsored the development of an evidence-based clinical practice guideline for assessment and intervention for young children with motor disabilities. The author served on the multidisciplinary consensus panel convened to develop the guideline, holding a position as a parent of a child with motor disabilities, and in addition utilizing data from her qualitative anthropological research on mothers of young children newly diagnosed with disabilities. This article describes the state panel's process for developing the guideline, focusing on recommendations about physical therapy interventions for cerebral palsy. Although evidence-based practice privileges randomized clinical trials, few studies of physical therapy techniques for young children with motor disabilities meet such criteria for evidence. The panel's recommendations, in the absence of such scientific evidence, are analyzed in comparison with competing theories of motor development in physical therapy research and practice, and with interpretations of physical therapy held by mothers of young children with disabilities who were interviewed in the study. The article explores questions of what constitutes evidence in three arenas: (1) clinical practice guidelines, (2) physical therapy research, and (3) the lives of families of young children with motor disabilities. It has broader implications for understanding how information, variously derived, is transformed into evidence. While to some extent authority and power affect the range of knowledge that can be transformed into evidence, the more significant constraints may be the rules of evidence we value and the particular paradigm of our science.