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Stress and strain among personal care assistants at an assisted living facility
- Authors:
- SCOTT Kelsie R., CASSIE Kenneth M.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 4(1/2), 2007, pp.47-59.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
Personal care assistants in assisted living facilities perform a variety of personal care, housekeeping, laundry, meals service and activity programming tasks, often with limited training and under the burden of heavy workloads. This paper examines the psychological stress and physical strain they experience using the example of an assisted living facility comprising a general housing area and more specialised units catering for residents with dementia. The findings show that staff caring for residents with memory-related disorders suffer from more stress in relation to work constraints and interpersonal conflict, but that there were no differences in workloads and physical strain in comparison with staff caring for general housing residents. The differences between the stress and strain experienced by personal care assistants and the norms experienced in other workplaces are also noted. (Copies of this article are available from: Haworth Document Delivery Centre, Haworth Press Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580).
Formal and informal care for people with dementia: factors associated with service receipt
- Authors:
- SCHNEIDER J., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Aging and Mental Health, 6(3), August 2002, pp.255-265.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
Details of service receipt by 132 people diagnosed with dementia and their carers were collected in South London (boroughs of Lewisham, Camberwell, Southwark and Croydon), a geographical area served by several health and social care providers. The data collected included the Caregiver Activity Survey, which details the informal care given. This article reports the formal and informal services received by the people with dementia at entry to the study. The amount of time spent on specific caring tasks by all informal carers of people with dementia averaged seven hours per week, but was significantly higher for co-resident carers, even when controlling for the level of dependency of the person cared-for. The odds ratios of receipt of formal services are given, according to where people were living: in the community or residential care, with co-resident carers or alone.
Stress and strain of moving
- Authors:
- WYLD Cynthia, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Community Care, 18.4.02, 2002, pp.36-37.
- Publisher:
- Reed Business Information
Reports on a study examining the reactions of residents, relatives and staff to changes caused by a temporary relocation when residential homes have been rebuilt or refurbished.
Perceptions of Hong Kong Chinese elders on adjustment to residential care
- Author:
- LEE Diana T.F.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Interprofessional Care, 15(3), August 2001, pp.235-244.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
While there is an increasing number of elders moving into residential care homes in Hong Kong very little is known about how they adjust to the changes associated with living in such homes. Reports on a grounded theory study conducted to explore the processes through which Chinese elders adjust following a move to residential care. Audiotaped in-depth interviews were conducted with 18 elders one week after residential home admission and then every month until no new information about their adjustment experiences could be discovered. Constant comparative analysis of data revealed that newly admitted elders adjust through the four stages of orienting, normalising, rationalising and stabilising as they struggle to regain normality in a life that is as close to that lived before admission as possible. This article reports on Chinese elders' suggested in the literature, as barriers to residential living, such as living with rules and regulations, lack of privacy and autonomy, are not regarded as important by Chinese elders. However, establishing relations with other residents and staff appears to be particular challenge. Concludes to effectively help Chinese elders adjust to life in residential care. The findings also highlight the need for better collaboration between nursing and social work staff in their efforts to promote elders' adjustment.
Losing the living
- Author:
- OTTO Jane
- Journal article citation:
- Community Care, 12.7.01, 2001, p.24.
- Publisher:
- Reed Business Information
It is bad enough that carers witness the decline of the person closest to them, but to have to attend to their every need and be on the receiving end of their anger and frustration is worse. The author explains how one care home has helped her mother cope with her living loss.
The impact of training and support on stress among care staff in nursing and residential homes for the elderly
- Authors:
- PROCTOR Rebekah, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Mental Health, 7(1), February 1998, pp.59-70.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- London
Assesses the impact of a training programme on care staff in nursing and residential homes for the elderly on symptoms of stress and work related pressure. Levels of reported psychological distress were shown to increase significantly among the control group sample at 6 months' follow-up. However, there was no significant increase in psychological distress amongst the care staff receiving the training intervention. Concludes that in view of the increasing levels of dependency among residents and the corresponding high levels of reported stress among care workers, further research into the efficacy of training and support for this group is sorely needed.
On being the relative of someone in a home
- Author:
- WHITE Dorothy
- Journal article citation:
- Elders the Journal of Care and Practice, 3(2), May 1994, pp.6-13.
Describes the emotions that can occur when someone cared for can no longer be looked after at home, and suggests practical ways in which staff in residential or nursing homes can assist in the process.
Burnout in UK care home staff and its effect on staff turnover: MARQUE English national care home longitudinal survey
- Authors:
- COSTELLO Harry, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Age and Ageing, 49(1), 2020, p.74–81.
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
Background: staff burnout and turnover lead to care home residents receiving poorer quality care. Burnout is thought to cause turnover, but this has never been investigated. We know little about which care home staffs are burnt out. Aims: to explore burnout’s relationship with staff turnover and prevalence and predictors of burnout. Method: this study calculated the relationship between Maslach Burnout Inventory scores and future staff turnover (12-month number of staff leaving/number employed). This study explored staff, resident and care home predictors of burnout, measured as emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalisation (DP) and personal accomplishment (PA). Results: two-thousand sixty-two care staff in 97 care home units participated. Median yearly staff turnover was 22.7%, interquartile range (IQR) 14.0–37.7%. Care staff recorded low median burnout (median EE: 14, IQR: 7–22; DP: 1, IQR: 0–5; PA 42, IQR: 36–45). This study found no association between staff burnout and turnover rate. Younger staff age was associated with higher burnout (EE coefficient − 0.09; 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.13, −0.05; DP −0.02; 95% CI: −0.04, −0.01; PA 0.05; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.08). Speaking English as a second language predicted higher EE (1.59; 95% CI: 0.32, 2.85), males had higher DP (0.02; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.04) and staff working only night shifts lower PA (−2.08; 95% CI: −4.05, −1.30). Conclusions: this study found no association between care homes staff burnout level and staff turnover rates. It is a myth that burnout levels are high. Interventions for burnout could focus on at-risk groups. Future studies could consider turnover at an individual level. (Edited publisher abstract)
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence and associations of stress and burnout among staff in long-term care facilities for people with dementia.
- Authors:
- COSTELLO H., et al
- Journal article citation:
- International Psychogeriatrics, early cite 13 November 2018,
- Publisher:
- Cambridge Journals
Background:Care home staff stress and burnout may be related to high turnover and associated with poorer quality care. We systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed studies reporting stress and burnout and associated factors in staff for people living with dementia in long-term care. METHODS: Searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science databases, and CINAHL database from January 2009 to August 2017. Two raters independently rated study validity using standardised criteria. Burnout scores across comparable studies were meta-analysed using a random effects model. RESULTS: 17/2854 identified studies met inclusion criteria. Eight of the nine studies reporting mean Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) scores found low or moderate burnout levels. Meta-analysis of four studies using the 22-item MBI (n = 598) found moderate emotional exhaustion levels (mean 18.34, 95% Confidence Intervals 14.59-22.10), low denationalisation (6.29, 2.39-10.19), and moderate personal accomplishment (33.29, 20.13-46.46). All three studies examining mental health-related quality of life reported lower levels in carer age and sex matched populations. Staff factors associated with higher burnout and stress included: lower job satisfaction, lower perceived adequacy of staffing levels, poor care home environment, feeling unsupported, rating home leadership as poor and caring for residents exhibiting agitated behaviour. There was preliminary evidence that speaking English as a first language and working shifts were associated with lower burnout levels. CONCLUSIONS: Most care staff for long-term care residents with dementia experience low or moderate burnout levels. Prospective studies of care staff burnout and stress are required to clarify its relationship to staff turnover and potentially modifiable risk factors. (Edited publisher abstract)
A comparison of working in small-scale and large-scale nursing homes; a systematic review of quantitative and qualitative evidence
- Authors:
- VERMEERBERGEN Lander, et al
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Nursing Studies, 67, 2017, pp.59-70.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background and objective: Ongoing shortages of care workers, together with an ageing population, make it of utmost importance to increase the quality of working life in nursing homes. Since the 1970s, normalised and small-scale nursing homes have been increasingly introduced to provide care in a family and homelike environment, potentially providing a richer work life for care workers as well as improved living conditions for residents. ‘Normalised’ refers to the opportunities given to residents to live in a manner as close as possible to the everyday life of persons not needing care. The study purpose is to provide a synthesis and overview of empirical research comparing the quality of working life – together with related work and health outcomes – of professional care workers in normalised small-scale nursing homes as compared to conventional large-scale ones. Design: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies. Data sources: A systematic literature search (April 2015) was performed using the electronic databases Pubmed, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL and Web of Science. References and citations were tracked to identify additional, relevant studies. Review methods: The review identified 825 studies in the selected databases. After checking the inclusion and exclusion criteria, nine studies were selected for review. Two additional studies were selected after reference and citation tracking. Three studies were excluded after requesting more information on the research setting. Results: The findings from the individual studies suggest that levels of job control and job demands (all but “time pressure”) are higher in normalised small-scale homes than in conventional large-scale nursing homes. Additionally, some studies suggested that social support and work motivation are higher, while risks of burnout and mental strain are lower, in normalised small-scale nursing homes. Other studies found no differences or even opposing findings. The studies reviewed showed that these inconclusive findings can be attributed to care workers in some normalised small-scale homes experiencing isolation and too high job demands in their work roles. Conclusion: This systematic review suggests that normalised small-scale homes are a good starting point for creating a higher quality of working life in the nursing home sector. Higher job control enables care workers to manage higher job demands in normalised small-scale homes. However, some jobs would benefit from interventions to address care workers’ perceptions of too low social support and of too high job demands. More research is needed to examine strategies to enhance these working life issues in normalised small-scale settings. (Edited publisher abstract)