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Expressive social support buffers the impact of care-related work interruptions on caregivers' depressive symptoms
- Authors:
- ANG Shannon, MALHOTRA Rahul
- Journal article citation:
- Aging and Mental Health, 22(6), 2018, pp.755-763.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
Objective: To assess if expressive and instrumental social support from family and friends moderate the association of care-related work interruptions (e.g. leaving work for the older adult's doctor appointment) with depressive symptoms among working family caregivers of older adults. Methods: Data were from the Singapore Survey on Informal Caregiving (SSIC). A subsample of 662 dyads, each comprising an older care-recipient [home-dwelling Singaporean aged 75 and older receiving human assistance for at least one activity of daily living (ADL)] and his/her working family caregiver, was analysed. Caregiver depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Care-related work interruptions were scaled through the Mokken scaling procedure. Expressive social support was assessed using a scale by Pearlin and co-workers. Instrumental social support was based on the hours of ADL help provided to the care-recipient by any family member or friend, on behalf of the primary caregiver. A linear regression model, with interaction terms, assessed expressive and instrumental social support as moderators of the association of care-related work interruptions with caregiver depressive symptoms. Results: More care-related work interruptions were associated with more caregiver depressive symptoms. And, this association was moderated by expressive, but not instrumental, social support. Conclusion: The findings conform to previous qualitative work suggesting that caregivers’ mental health may not benefit from instrumental support, but from receiving expressive support instead. Initiatives for improving the care experience of working caregivers of older adults should focus on promoting expressive support from their friends and family. (Edited publisher abstract)
Early key findings from a study of older people in Northern Ireland: the NICOLA Study
- Editors:
- CRUISE Sharon Mary, KEE Frank
- Publisher:
- Queens University Belfast
- Publication year:
- 2017
- Pagination:
- 99
- Place of publication:
- Belfast
This report summarises early findings from The NICOLA study, a longitudinal study of the health, lifestyles and socioeconomic circumstances of more than 8,000 people over 50 years of age. The report refers specifically to some of the key findings from NICOLA Wave 1, focusing primarily on the results from interviews conducted in the person’s own home by Ipsos MORI. Chapters discuss the findings across the following areas: the socio-demographic characteristics of older people in Northern Ireland; participation in the labour market; social connectedness, including relationships with family, friends and the wider community; social engagement, including social relationships, involvement in organisations, and leisure activities; alcohol use, smoking and physical activity; variations in self-reported health status; and health service utilisation. The findings show that a quarter of participants live alone, and this increases with age with over half of those aged over 75 live alone. Whilst survey data found many NICOLA participants were socially engaged and participated in religious, social and leisure activities, the data also indicate that social isolation remains a significant problem for many older people in society. (Edited publisher abstract)
Transforming later lives
- Author:
- CENTRE FOR AGEING BETTER
- Publisher:
- Centre for Ageing Better
- Publication year:
- 2018
- Pagination:
- 28
- Place of publication:
- London
Strategy document from the Centre for Ageing Better which outlines their long-term vision to transform later lives across England by 2040 and their four key priorities for the next ten years. These four priorities are based on what people say matters most to the quality of their lives. They are: healthy ageing and enabling people to live healthier, more active lives, fulfilling work, which can boost savings and delay drawing pensions; safe and accessible housing, to help people remaining independent and active for longer; and connected communities. For each priority, the document outlines why change is needed, what needs to change, and actions the Centre for Ageing Better will take to make them happen. (Edited publisher abstract)
Getting older and staying connected
- Author:
- LAWTON Kayte
- Publisher:
- Institute for Public Policy Research
- Publication year:
- 2013
- Pagination:
- 16
- Place of publication:
- London
This paper draws together the views of older people from Leeds and evidence from a variety of sources to provide an assessment of the most pressing issues facing older people in the UK. It then sets out the main questions and alternative approaches that policymakers at all levels need to consider and address to ensure that older generations are engaged with and supported by their communities. Part one looks at what it is like to get older in Britain, and covers: the contribution older people make through paid work and volunteering; caring for partners and relatives; support for every day tasks; and maintaining relationships. Quotations are included throughout. Part two looks at what can help to make older people to feel independent and valued, and covers: providing practical help to enable older people to make a contribution through paid work and caring for others; local institutions where older people can find friendship and support; more say in how formal care is provide. (Edited publisher abstract)
Formal and informal social participation of the “young-old” in the Netherlands in 1992 and 2002
- Authors:
- van GROENOU Marjolein Broese, DEEG Dorly J.H.
- Journal article citation:
- Ageing and Society, 30(3), April 2010, pp.445-465.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Data from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) was used to compare the formal and informal social participation of 60-69 year olds in the Netherlands in 1992 and 2002, and examine which attributes of the two cohorts favour social participation. Data collection was through a face-to-face interview on physical, emotional, cognitive and social functioning, a medical interview with clinical measurements, and a self-completion questionnaire. The 1992 cohort comprised 1,008 respondents and the 2002 cohort 848 respondents. Cohort differences in formal participation (as members of organisations, in volunteer work and in religious organisations) and in informal participation (having a large social network, and in cultural and recreational activities) were associated with cohort differences in individual characteristics (level of education, health, employment status, and marital status). An increase was seen between 1992 and 2002 in all forms of participation except religious involvement. The 2002 cohort members were more educated and more engaged in employment, but in worse health and had a higher prevalence of divorce than the 1992 cohort members. Logistic regression analysis showed that the positive effect on social participation of the 2002 cohort’s higher educational level was suppressed by the negative effect of their worse health. Being divorced had a mixed effect on formal and informal participation, but the difference in the number of divorcees did not explain cohort differences in social participation. Interaction effects showed that the influence of gender and health on volunteer work and religious involvement changed over time. Implications for future practice are discussed.
Ethnicity, gender and depressive symptoms in older workers
- Authors:
- FERNANDEZ Maria E., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Gerontologist, 38(1), February 1998, pp.71-79.
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
Uses data from a prospective investigation of full-time workers aged 58-64 years residing in North Carolina metropolitan area at baseline to examine a causal model for depressive symptomatology among white men, white women, African American men and African American women. Found significant group differences. (1) White men were more vulnerable to social network losses than white women; (2) Work stressors had long-term effects on African American men whose levels of depressive symptoms were also elevated by poor health and retirement; and (3) The influence of income was more dominant among African Americans and its effect was greater for African American women.
Living in the future: the implications for a longer life
- Author:
- KHAMBHAITA Priya
- Publisher:
- Pensions Policy Institute
- Publication year:
- 2018
- Pagination:
- 47
- Place of publication:
- London
Increasing life expectancy means that the possibility of living a 100-year life is becoming a reality for an increasing number of people. This report focuses on four different areas of life, how they relate to wellbeing, and looks at the changes people need to make to their thinking and life choices to respond to this increase in longevity. It is the first of two reports produced as part of project to explore what pensions and retirement might look like in the future in terms of wellbeing and wider social, economic and demographic trends and projections. It looks at four broad areas: work and skills; health and social care; the family and social networks; and housing. Areas discussed include: extending working lives and self-employment in later life; family support and gaps in provision of care; flexibility, choice, and personalisation in care; multi-stakeholder approaches to improve access to information and advice around the costs of health and social care; maintaining personal and professional connections; increasing importance of digital inclusion as technology provides new way to connect with friends and family; growing population of people ageing without children; incorporating knowledge on the way people use their homes to connect with others to inform their design; and the integration of health and social care with housing policy. The report suggests there will be a major shift from a traditional, three stage life (education, employment and retirement) to a multi-stage life. It also highlights five key components to living a productive and fulfilling life up to the age of 100 and beyond – resilience – in relation to employment and personal finance; agility – the ability to move into new roles; health; financial capability; and flexibility- an openenness connect and interact with people new ways. (Edited publisher abstract)
Future of an ageing population
- Author:
- GREAT BRITAIN. Government Office for Science
- Publisher:
- Great Britain. Government Office for Science
- Publication year:
- 2016
- Pagination:
- 124
- Place of publication:
- London
Foresight report which brings together evidence about today’s older population, with future trends and projections, to identify the challenges and opportunities of an ageing population. The report is informed by 22 independent evidence reviews, expert meetings and visits to different regions across the UK. Sections cover: employment and supporting longer working lives; encouraging lifelong learning; meeting the changing demand for housing and recognising the importance of neighbourhoods; the role of families; health and care systems, including changing needs and costs; and the benefits of physical, social and technological connectivity. It aims to together the evidence that will help policymakers to develop the policies needed to adapt to the demographic change of the UK. (Edited publisher abstract)
The generation strain: collective solutions to care in an ageing society
- Authors:
- MCNEIL Clare, HUNTER Jack
- Publisher:
- Institute for Public Policy Research
- Publication year:
- 2014
- Pagination:
- 60
- Place of publication:
- London
Most care for older people is not provided by the state or private agencies but by family members. This report looks at the challenges facing health and social care services as the number of older people in need of care outstrips the number of adult children able to provide it. The report argues that the post-war model of social care needs to change if it is to be sustainable in the future. It believes there needs to be a different starting point for social care services, which should ask what people need to build a good life. It looks at the importance of individuals and their families in providing care and uses the experiences of three individuals to illustrate problems that are likely to increase as the family care cap widens: social isolation in later life, families providing ever more intensive levels of care, and a greater number of older couples caring for each others. It also provides some good practice examples from the UK and oversees. The report makes four major recommendations, to be addressed as part of a five-year funding settlement across health and social care. These are the creation of new neighbourhood networks to help older people to stay active and health; creation of care coordinator roles to provide a single local point of contact, which would replace the ‘case management’ currently provided by adult social services; the option of a shared budget to enable those using community care to arrange this collectively; and stronger employment rights for those caring for people for more than 20 hours a week. (Edited publisher abstract)
Financial circumstances, health and well-being of the older population in England: the 2008 English longitudinal study of ageing (wave 4)
- Authors:
- BANKS James, et al
- Publisher:
- Institute for Fiscal Studies
- Publication year:
- 2010
- Pagination:
- 409p.
- Place of publication:
- London
The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) is following the financial circumstances, health and well-being of a cohort of older people (aged over 50). Participants are interviewed every 2 years. This report of the wave 4 study is based on data collected in 2008-09, which coincided with a period of economic downturn. In all waves of the study there was a face-to-face interview and a self–completion form; in 2004-05 and 2008-09 there was also a nurse visit. Broad topics covered in every wave included household composition, employment and pension details, housing circumstances, income and wealth, self-reported diseases and symptoms, tests of cognitive performance and of gait speed, health behaviours, social contacts and selected activities, and a measure of quality of life. The 2008-09 interview also included additional questions on sleep patterns, women’s health, monetary gifts and transfers including Child Trust Funds and use of respite care. Chapters of this report provide data on employment, retirement and pensions; financial circumstances and consumption; well-being in older age; sleep duration and sleep disturbance; health and social engagement among the oldest old; trends in disability; health risk and health protective measures in later life; and receipt and giving of help and care.