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Outcomes against which the success of prevention should be monitored
- Author:
- CENTRE FOR POLICY ON AGEING
- Publisher:
- Centre for Policy on Ageing
- Publication year:
- 2014
- Pagination:
- 80
- Place of publication:
- London
A rapid review of the literature on measurement of the effectiveness of prevention, including selected epidemiological evidence on alcohol consumption, smoking and diet, lifelong learning, living alone, loneliness and social isolation, obesity, physical activity, walking cycling and dancing, social networks, volunteering, preventive medication, screening and vaccination, the use of technology, including telehealth and telecare. The outcomes of prevention often form a two stage process with first stage outcomes - 'intermediate determinants of health', for example better social networks, greater take-up of physical activity or improved diet, leading to second stage, longer term, health related outcomes, for example improved mortality, longer healthy life expectancy or better quality of life. The review identifies four key areas of measurement of the effectiveness of prevention, which are: measures of changes in the intermediate determinants of health; direct measures of health, wellbeing and quality of life outcomes, either in the short to medium or longer term; costs; and cost-effectiveness. It suggests that interested parties with different priorities will require different outcome measures. Older people and voluntary organisations may prioritise health and quality of life outcomes whereas service funders may be more interested in cost-effectiveness. (Edited publisher abstract)