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Establishing empirically-informed practice with caregivers: findings from the CARES program
- Author:
- BLACK Kathy
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 56(6-7), 2013, pp.585-601.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
There is increasing interest in delivering efficacious interventions to caregivers. This study reports on the processes and findings from a modified approach of the Wraparound System of Care. The practice model is implemented over 4 phases and is based on 3 theoretical constructs and 10 principles. The evaluation utilized treatment fidelity measures and employed a quasi-experimental pretest/posttest design to examine caregiver outcomes (N = 120). Findings suggest significant improvement among caregivers’ self-reported health, life satisfaction, well-being, and quality of life, as well as a reduction in caregiver risk and burden. Delineation of the processes used in the model are presented. (Publisher abstract)
The care and support of older people: an international perspective
- Author:
- CENTRE FOR POLICY ON AGEING
- Publisher:
- Centre for Policy on Ageing
- Publication year:
- 2014
- Pagination:
- 88
- Place of publication:
- London
A rapid review of the literature on international models of care and support of older people. Key findings include: in most, if not all, countries the primary form of care and support for older people is family and informal care; in most, if not all, countries the majority of care and support of older people is carried out by women, but often, in oldest age, men are more likely than women to be a carer; changing family structures and work patterns have reduced the availability of women as carers; in several countries, the shortfall of carers has led to the use of cash payments to incentivise informal care; in Europe, although marriage bonds have weakened, the multi-generational structure of the family remains strong; although co-residence of older people with their adult children has decreased, geographical proximity and the potential for everyday support remains high; care and support for older people is a reciprocal process with many older people providing child care; multigenerational households and the number of siblings to provide care is in decline worldwide but increased longevity has meant multigenerational (beanpole) families are becoming more common; the only viable option for funding the care and support needs of the current generation of older people is from current taxation and/or insurance contributions (including those paid by more affluent older people themselves). (Edited publisher abstract)
A systematic review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different models of community-based respite care for frail older people and their carers
- Authors:
- MASON A., et al
- Publisher:
- National Coordinating Centre for Health Technology Assessment
- Publication year:
- 2007
- Place of publication:
- Southampton
Review found that respite for carers of frail elderly people may have a small positive effect upon carers, but found no reliable evidence that respite either benefits or adversely affects care recipients.
Care by spouses, care by children: projections of informal care for older people in England to 2031
- Authors:
- PICKARD Linda, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Social Policy and Society, 6(3), July 2007, pp.353-366.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
The future market costs of long-term care for older people will be affected by the extent of informal care. This paper reports on projections of receipt of informal care by disabled older people from their spouses and (adult) children to 2031 in England. The paper shows that, over the next 30 years, care by spouses is likely to increase substantially. However, if current patterns of care remain the same, care by children will also need to increase by nearly 60 per cent by 2031. It is not clear that the supply of care by children will rise to meet this demand.
Quality of life in dementia in perspective; an explorative study of variations in opinions among people with dementia and their professional caregivers, and in literature
- Authors:
- DROES Rose-Marie, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Dementia: the International Journal of Social Research and Practice, 5(4), November 2006, pp.533-558.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Many different definitions of the concept of quality of life (QOL) are found in the literature. This raises the question as to which domains are viewed as really important by people with dementia and which are possibly based on views of others, such as (in)formal carers, or theoretical models. An explorative study was carried out among people with dementia living in the community and in nursing homes. Their opinions were compared to those of professional carers and to the current theoretical models and instruments for QOL in dementia. Data were gathered by means of interviews, focus groups and literature study. Most QOL domains mentioned as important by the persons with dementia were also acknowledged by the carers and in the literature. A few, however, were not mentioned by the carers (i.e. ‘sense of aesthetics in living environment’,‘financial situation’ and ‘being of use/giving meaning to life’), and not selected in the measuring instruments (‘security and privacy’, and ‘self-determination and freedom’). This indicates differences in perspectives on quality of life between persons with dementia, their carers and theoretical models. Further research is recommended on this point.
Relying on informal care in the new century? Informal care for elderly people in England to 2031
- Authors:
- PICKARD Linda, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Ageing and Society, 20(6), November 2000, pp.745-772.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Reports on a research project looking at the future of informal care over the next thirty years and the effect of changes in informal care on demand for formal services. The research draws on a PSSRU computer simulation model which has produced projections to 2031 for long-term care for England. The projections yield unexpected results in that they indicate that more elderly people are likely to receive informal care than previously projected. The underlying reason is that the GAD figures project a fall in the number of windows and rise in the number of elderly women with partners. What this implies is that 'spouse carers' are likely to become increasingly important. The article explores a number of scenarios around informal care, including scenarios in which the supply of informal care is severely restricted and a scenario in which more support is given to carers by developing 'carer-blind' services. This last scenario has had particular relevance for the Royal Commission on Long Term Care.
Welfare policies and the construction of welfare relations in a residual welfare state: the case of Hong Kong
- Author:
- CHAN Chak-Kwan
- Journal article citation:
- Social Policy and Administration, 32(3), September 1998, pp.278-291.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Each welfare system has its own welfare relations for shaping and maintaining certain types of welfare practices and welfare ideologies. Welfare relations concern the distribution of welfare responsibilities among various social institutions, the public welfare expectations and entitlements, and the status of welfare recipients. Discusses how welfare policies construct the required welfare relations with regard to Hong Kong's social security system. Argues that the persistence of Hong Kong's residual welfare model is partly based on the residual welfare relations which facilitate family-centred and market-oriented welfare practices.
Validation of the indicators of abuse (IOA) screen
- Authors:
- REIS Myrna, NAHMIASH Daphne
- Journal article citation:
- Gerontologist, 38(4), September 1998, pp.471-480.
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
It is important to enable social service agency practitioners to identify cases in which seniors are abused by their caregivers. The Indicators of Abuse (IOA) screening measure provides an abuse screening tool, based on abuse indicators, for use by practitioners. The study supports the validity of the 29-item set of indicators of the IOA, which discriminates abuse cases from nonabuse cases. An abuse-indicator model evolving from the IOA suggests three main type of abuse signals: (a) caregiver personal problems/issues; (b) caregiver interpersonal problems/issues; (c) care receiver social support shortages and past abuse.
Spousal caregivers of early stage Alzheimer's patients: a psychoeducational support group model
- Author:
- CUMMINGS Sherry M.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 26(3/4), 1996, pp.83-98.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
The needs and experiences of caregivers of persons with early Alzheimer's Disease are often complex and intense. These challenges are heightened for spousal caregivers who must contend with the dissolution of their primary relationship and expectations of the future based upon that relationship. The article describes a psychoeducational support model for caregiving spouses of early Alzheimer's patients which has been used in the United States. Outlines the format of the groups, discusses the major themes that have emerged for the caregiving spouses and provides some case examples. Goes on to discuss recommendations for those working with caregiving spouses.
Comparing the experiences of black and white caregivers of dementia patients
- Author:
- COX Carole
- Journal article citation:
- Social Work: A journal of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW), 40(3), May 1995, pp.343-349.
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
Caregivers' capacities to cope with dementia patients are severely challenged as demands for care and impairment levels concomitantly increase. Consequently, the experience can be extremely stressful because it affects many areas of the caregivers' life. Using a conceptual stress development model that treats informal supports and competency as potential mediators, the outcomes of caregiving were examined in samples of black and white caregivers. A perceived lack of informal supports and a sense of incompetency exacerbated stress among the black caregivers but had no effects among the white caregivers. White caregivers were predominantly affected by the impairment of the patient. Cultural differences in caregiver expectations that influence needs are proposed as an explanation for these findings. To be most effective in reducing caregiver stress, social workers must be sensitive to the diversity of values and expectations that can affect the experiences of these individuals.