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Long-term care funding in England: an analysis of the costs and distributional effects of potential reforms
- Authors:
- HANCOCK Ruth, et al
- Publisher:
- University of Kent. Personal Social Services Research Unit
- Publication year:
- 2013
- Pagination:
- 13
- Place of publication:
- Canterbury
This paper examines projected costs and distributional effects of Government plans to reform the systems that determine how much the state contributes to people's long-term care costs compared with the current system. It also contrasts these costs and distributional effects with the central recommendation of the Commission on the Funding of Care and Support (Dilnot Commission) which was set up by the Government and reported in 2011. Two variants on the Government’s plans which would give additional help to recipients of residential care with capital below the proposed higher capital threshold are also considered. (Edited publisher abstract)
Projections of owner-occupation rates, house values, income and financial assets among older people, UK, 2002-2022
- Authors:
- HANCOCK Ruth, et al
- Publisher:
- Personal Social Services Research Unit
- Publication year:
- 2006
- Pagination:
- 11p.
- Place of publication:
- Canterbury
This paper contains projections of owner-occupation rates, house values, income and financial assets among people aged 85+ in the UK covering the period 2002 to 2022. The projections have been produced by the microsimulation model CARESIM. CARESIM is a model which simulates the amounts that current and future older people would be required to pay towards residential or home care, should they need that care, under different charging regimes. The projections presented here are produced as an input to those simulations. CARESIM uses a sample of people aged 65 years and over drawn from the Family Resources Survey and projections involve ageing this sample. The sample is not ‘refreshed’ i.e. people under the age of 65 in the base year (2002) are not brought into the sample as they reach 65. By 2022, therefore, CARESIM projections apply only to those aged 85 and over. For this reason results for 2022 are given only for those aged 85 and over. Results for years between 2002 and 2022 are shown only for those age groups for which CARESIM projections apply.
Winners and losers: assessing the distributional effects of long-term care funding regimes
- Authors:
- HANCOCK Ruth, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Social Policy and Society, 6(3), July 2007, pp.379-395.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Using two linked simulation models, we examine the public expenditure costs and distributional effects of potential reforms to long-term care funding in the UK. Changes to the means tests for user contributions to care costs are compared with options for the abolition of these means tests (‘free’ personal care). The latter generally cost more than the former and benefit higher income groups more than those on lower incomes (measuring income in relation to the age-specific income distribution). Reforms to the means tests target benefits towards those on lower incomes. However, the highest income group are net losers if free personal care is financed by a higher tax rate on higher incomes and the effect on the whole population considered.
Paying for long-term care for older people in the UK: modelling the costs and distributional effects of a range of options
- Authors:
- HANCOCK Ruth, et al
- Publisher:
- Personal Social Services Research Unit
- Publication year:
- 2006
- Pagination:
- 115p., bibliog.
- Place of publication:
- Canterbury
How best to finance long-term care has been the subject of considerable recent debate in the UK. The Government established the first Royal Commission in many years, to review the financing of long-term care and to make recommendations about future financing. Its key recommendation was that the nursing and personal care components of the fees of care homes and home-based personal care should be met by the state, without a means test. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, means-testing has now been removed for nursing but not personal care. Scotland has made both nursing and personal care free of charge. Much of the current debate concerns whether personal care should be made free of charge throughout the UK. There are, however, other ways in which the system for funding long-term care could be reformed. There is a need for a more comprehensive range of options to be considered, informed by the latest policy developments in the UK and drawing on experience in other European countries. The study aims to project expenditure on long term care services for older people under a wide range of options for reforming the current system. It will provide for each option, projections to 2050 of: the total cost of long-term care for older people, in absolute terms and as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product; its breakdown between public and private sources, and within the public sector; how the costs borne by service users vary by the level of their income and wealth; the sensitivity of projections to assumptions about future numbers of older people, dependency levels, costs of formal care, supply of informal care and future demand for formal care.