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An international comparison of long-term care funding and outcomes: insights for the social care green paper
- Author:
- INCISIVE HEALTH
- Publisher:
- Incisive Health
- Publication year:
- 2018
- Pagination:
- 49
- Place of publication:
- London
This report, commissioned by Age UK, highlights different approaches to long-term care taken by five countries in the developed world, and looks at how they compare to the system in England. These five countries have very different systems, but face similar demographic and financial challenges to those in England. The countries are France, Germany, Spain, Italy and Japan. The report compares the approaches in relation to: service structures, funding levels, funding models, and outcomes. The findings suggest that creating a sustainable social care system fit for a rapidly ageing population is a challenge in every one of these countries. However, it finds that the financial deal for citizens with care needs is often more generous in other countries in comparison to England, with other nations generally either providing some non-means tested basic level of support, and/or cap the amount of co-payment to be made, and/or use a more gradual means-test. Profiles for each of the five countries are also included. (Edited publisher abstract)
Long-term care in Denmark and Lithuania: a most dissimilar case
- Authors:
- POSKUTE Virginija, GREVE Bent
- Journal article citation:
- Social Policy and Administration, 51(4), 2017, pp.659-675.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
By comparing the systems and development in Lithuania and Denmark, the article probes into differences and similarities in two countries with very different welfare states belonging to different welfare regimes and having very diverse economic and historical development of a specific social policy area – i.e. long-term care (LTC) for the elderly. Despite differences, there are also similarities in the understanding of what LTC is and could be in the future, given the economic pressure on welfare states. So despite being a country-based case analysis of a specific social service field, at the outset, seemingly dissimilar, the analysis also shows similarities especially in the expectation of the role of the civil society, and that the elderly will want to stay as long as possible in their own home. There is also expected pressure from demography change, and, especially, a possible pressure on women as they, more often than men, provide informal care and will have a higher risk of living alone when they become elderly. Lastly, the use of rehabilitation and re-enablement is a central parameter for a possible reduction in the pressure on spending as well as improving quality of life for the elderly. (Publisher abstract)
A growing care gap? The supply of unpaid care for older people by their adult children in England to 2032
- Author:
- PICKARD Linda
- Journal article citation:
- Ageing and Society, 35(1), 2015, pp.96-123.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
A key feature of population ageing in Europe and other more economically developed countries is the projected unprecedented rise in need for long-term care in the next two decades. There is, however, considerable uncertainty over the future supply of unpaid care for older people by their adult children. The future of family care is particularly important in countries planning to reform their long-term care systems, as is the case in England. This article makes new projections of the supply of intense unpaid care for parents aged 65 and over in England to 2032, and compares these projections with existing projections of demand for unpaid care by older people with disabilities from their children. The results show that the supply of unpaid care to older people with disabilities by their adult children in England is unlikely to keep pace with demand in future. By 2032, there is projected to be a shortfall of 160,000 care-givers in England. Demand for unpaid care will begin to exceed supply by 2017 and the unpaid ‘care gap’ will grow rapidly from then onwards. The article concludes by examining how far this unpaid ‘care gap’ is likely to be met by other sources of unpaid care or by developments in new technology and examines the implications of the findings for long-term care policy (Publisher abstract)
Future long-term care expenditure in Germany, Spain, Italy and the United Kingdom
- Authors:
- COMAS-HERRERA Adelina, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Ageing and Society, 26(2), March 2006, pp.285-302.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
This paper reports findings from a European Commission funded study of future long-term care expenditure in Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom, and presents projections of future long-term care expenditure in the four countries under a number of assumptions about the future. Macro-simulation (or cell-based) models were used to make comparable projections based on a set of common assumptions. A central base-case served as a point of comparison by which to explore the sensitivity of the models to alternative scenarios for the key determinants. The sensitivity of the models to variant assumptions about the future numbers of older people, the prevalence of functional dependency and informal care, patterns of long-term provision, and macroeconomic conditions are examined. It was found that, under the base-case, the proportion of gross domestic product spent on long-term care is projected to more than double between 2000 and 2050 in each country. The projected future demand for long-term care services for older people is sensitive to assumptions about the future number of older people, the prevalence of dependency and the availability of informal care, and projected expenditure is sensitive to assumptions about rises in the real unit-costs of services and the structure of the models. It is important, for planning purposes, to recognise the considerable uncertainty about future levels of long-term care expenditure.
Racial and ethnic differences in family caregiving in California
- Authors:
- GIUNTA Nancy, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 9(3), 2004, pp.85-109.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
Family caregivers are the main source of long-term care for older persons in the United States. At the same time, cultural values and beliefs shape decisions surrounding who provides care and whether families use formal support interventions to assist the caregiver. The current article examines how the family caregiving experience differs among racial and ethnic groups in terms of caregiver characteristics, service utilization, caregiver strain, and coping mechanisms. Telephone interviews were conducted in English and Spanish with a random sample of 1,643 respondents in California who provide care to someone age 50 or over. Bivariate analyses showed evidence of ethnic differences in the demographic characteristics of caregivers, intensity of care provided, caregiver health, level of financial strain, religious service attendance, formal service utilization and barriers to formal services. Odds ratios showed that White and African American caregivers were about two times as likely to use formal caregiver services as were Asian/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander and Latina American caregivers. Implied by these findings is the need for further understanding of caregiver service needs among diverse racial and ethnic groups. (Copies of this article are available from: Haworth Document Delivery Centre, Haworth Press Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580)
The future is aging
- Author:
- TAKAMURA Jeanette C.
- Journal article citation:
- Social Thought: Journal of Religion in the Social Services, 20(3/4), 2001, pp.3-16.
- Publisher:
- Haworth Press
- Place of publication:
- Binghamton, New York
The social and moral meanings of aging and of being an older person are evolving with an increasingly global context. Although there are differences that can be drawn between developed and developing nations, these meanings appear to be differentiated by variables such as gender, race and ethnicity, living arrangements, and age cohort. However, the legitimacy or dominance accorded some of the meanings will likely be dependent upon the ideological beliefs of those who are deemed experts or who wield influence in policy circles. Meanwhile, the resolution of many of the most pressing aging policy issues will be compelled by the sheer demographics of aging and confounded by the extent to which ideological perspectives are intractable.
Demand for long term care for older people in England to 2031
- Authors:
- WITTENBERG Raphael, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Health Statistics Quarterly, 12, Winter 2001, pp.5-17.
- Publisher:
- Office for National Statistics
How best to finance long-term care has been the subject of considerable recent debate. One reason is that the numbers of people in England aged 65 and over are projected to increase by 60 percent over the next 35 years. The Personal Social Services Research Unit (PSSRU) has developed a model to make projections of demand for long-term care for older people, to 2031. This article outlines the methodology and results of the model. PSSRU projections suggest that, under central assumptions, long term care expenditure will need to rise by around 150 percent in real terms over the next 30 years to meet demand.
Elder care in Korea: the future is now
- Author:
- CHEE Yeon Kyung
- Journal article citation:
- Ageing International, 26(1/2), Summer 2001, pp.25-37.
- Publisher:
- Springer
- Place of publication:
- New York
Modernisation has greatly affected the lives of individuals and families in many ways in Korea. Women, the primary care givers of the elderly, are increasingly entering the work force, and families are becoming more mobile and segmented. With the decline in fertility and mortality rates, population ageing has generated significant demands for long-term care. This article examines the characteristics and implications of ageing in Korea, focusing on the influence of cultural heritage on care giving and the development of formal services for the older population. Argues that there should be a balance between social policy established by the Korean government and family care for the elderly.
Who cares?
- Author:
- EASTERBROOK Lorna
- Journal article citation:
- Community Practitioner, 73(7), July 2000, pp.674-675.
- Publisher:
- Community Practitioners' and Health Visitors' Association
Within a decade, Britain is projected to have more pensioners than children. The author, from the King's Fund, considers the implications for long-term care.
London's older people
- Author:
- LEESER Rachel
- Publisher:
- London Research Centre
- Publication year:
- 1996
- Pagination:
- 148p.,maps,tables,diags.
- Place of publication:
- London
Contains facts and figures on older people living in London. Includes sections on: demography; households with pensioners; economic position; housing; communal establishments; limiting long term illness; and demographic change.