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The inter-relationship between formal and informal care: a study in France and Israel
- Authors:
- LITWIN Howard, ATTIAS-DONFUT Claudine
- Journal article citation:
- Ageing and Society, 29(1), January 2009, pp.71-91.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
This study examined whether formal care services delivered to frail older people's homes in France and Israel substitute for or complement informal support. The two countries have comparable family welfare systems but many historical, cultural and religious differences. Data for the respondents aged 75 or more years at the first wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) were analysed. Regressions were examined of three patterns of care from outside the household: informal support only, formal support only and both formal and informal care, with the predictor variables including whether informal help was provided by a family member living in the household. The results revealed that about one-half of the respondents received no help at all (France 51%, Israel 55%), about one-tenth received care from a household member (France 8%, Israel 10%), and one-third were helped by informal carers from outside the household (France 34%, Israel 33%). More French respondents (35%) received formal care services at home than Israelis (27%). Most predictors of the care patterns were similar in the two countries. The analysis showed that complementarity is a common outcome of the co-existence of formal and informal care, and that mixed provision occurs more frequently in situations of greater need. It is also shown that spouse care-givers had less formal home-care supports than either co-resident children or other family care-givers. Even so, spouses, children and other family care-givers all had considerable support from formal home-delivered care.
Contrasting European policies for the care of the elderly
- Editors:
- JAMIESON Anne, ILLSLEY Raymond
- Publisher:
- Avebury
- Publication year:
- 1990
- Pagination:
- 199p., tables, bibliogs.
- Place of publication:
- London
Looks at Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, and the UK. Part 1 examines the relationship between formal and informal care, Part 2 deals with care systems and care delivery problems. Includes chapter by Ian Sinclair, Peter Gorbach, Enid Levin and Jenny Williams: 'Community care and residential admissions: results from two empirical studies'.
The redefinition of the familialist home care model in France: the complex formalization of care through cash payment
- Author:
- BIHAN Blanche Le
- Journal article citation:
- Health and Social Care in the Community, 20(3), May 2012, pp.238-246.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
This article examines French policy measures on the organisation of home-based care for older people, by investigating the balance between formal and informal care. It specifically focuses on the cash for care scheme which is at the core of the French home-based care policy. A detailed analysis was made of different policy documents and public reports, together with a systematic review of existing studies. Findings highlighted the complexity of the process related to the introduction of care allowance and demonstrate. It outlined the diversity of the resources available: heterogeneous professional care, semi-formal forms of care work with the possibility to employ a relative and informal family care. Finally, the analysis revealed the importance of the regulation of cash payments on the reshaping of formal and informal care.
Paying for care: lessons from Europe
- Authors:
- GLENDINNING Caroline, McLAUGHLIN Eithne
- Publisher:
- HMSO/Great Britain. Social Security Advisory Committee
- Publication year:
- 1993
- Pagination:
- 169p.,tables,bibliog.
- Place of publication:
- London
Comparative study looking at financial support for informal carers which has been introduced in some developed countries in the light of demographic trends experienced across Europe.
Ageing societies: challenges and opportunities: evidence from the BUPA health pulse 2010 international healthcare survey
- Authors:
- FERNANDEZ Jose-Luis, FORDER Julien
- Publisher:
- Bupa
- Publication year:
- 2010
- Pagination:
- 27p., bibliog.
- Place of publication:
- London
This report presents the findings of the Bupa Health Pulse 2010 international healthcare survey around the theme of 'ageing societies'. It summarises some of the most important evidence about the ageing process across the world, and discusses some of the key policy challenges that ageing presents, looking particularly at the capacity for societies to provide high quality support for their older people in the future. The study surveyed 12,262 people across 12 countries (Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Mexico, Russia, Spain, UK, USA), but the patterns described are common to a much larger number of countries. The report is structured around 3 parts. The first examines the question of the ageing process in different societies and what it means in terms of: increases in the older population; changes in the balance between young and old; and increases in the number of people with health problems and in the level of demand for care services. The second part examines the support system required to look after older people in need of care including: the sharing of caring and funding responsibilities between the state and private individuals; the need to ensure that resources are in place to look after the growing number of older people; and the levels of support provided to older people in need. The last section summarises the key policy implications.
Whose empowerment and independence?: a cross-national perspective on ‘cash for care’ schemes
- Author:
- UNGERSON Clare
- Journal article citation:
- Ageing and Society, 24(2), March 2004, pp.189-212.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Uses qualitative data from a cross-national study of ‘cash for care’ schemes in five European countries (Austria, France, Italy, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom) to consider the concepts of empowerment and independence in relation to both care-users and care-givers. Locates the schemes along two axes, one of regulation/non-regulation, the other whether relatives can be paid or not. Each of the schemes has a different impact both on the care relationship and on the labour market for care. In the Netherlands where relatives can be paid, for example, a fully commodified form of informal care emerges; but in Austria and Italy with low regulation, a mix of informal and formal care-givers/workers has emerged with many international migrant workers. In the UK, direct payments allow care-users to employ local care-workers who deliver care for various lengths of time; while in France a credentialised system means that care-work is delivered by qualified workers but for very short intervals. Concludes that none of these schemes have a simple outcome or advantage, and that the contexts in which they occur and the nature of their regulation has to be understood before drawing conclusions about their impact on empowerment and independence on both sides of the care relationship.
Long term care policies in Italy, Australia and France: variations in cash-for-care schemes
- Author:
- Da ROIT Barbara
- Journal article citation:
- Social Policy and Administration, 41(6), December 2007, pp.653-671.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Cash benefit provisions have been at the core of many recent reforms in the long-term care sector in Europe. The respective schemes, however, vary widely in terms of the definition of entitlements, the level of benefits, and the ways in which benefits can be used by recipients. This article investigates cash-for-care schemes in three European social insurance countries. It asks whether the diversity of these schemes indicates different paths or just differences in the pace with which the respective policies address the risk of dependency. A characterization of the three schemes and a discussion of the implications for care work arrangements lead to the conclusion that the context and timing of long-term care reform processes are in fact quite variegated. All three countries have histories of cash schemes and of applying the cash approach to support – and to some extent relieve – traditionally strong family obligations. Differences predominate in terms of linking cash to employment, although some convergence is apparent in the effects on qualifications, working conditions and wages in care work.
Caring for older Europeans: comparative studies in 29 countries
- Author:
- GIARCHI George Giacinto
- Publisher:
- Arena
- Publication year:
- 1996
- Pagination:
- 547p.,bibliog.
- Place of publication:
- Aldershot
Provides a reference source for various modes of care (both formal and informal) for older people throughout Europe. Each chapter follows the same format and covers: demography; socio-political and administrative background; social security and pensions; housing; health care; mental health care; residential care; personal social services; voluntary care agencies and support organisations; leisure pursuits and education; and older people in rural areas.