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A comparative appraisal of the relationship of education, income and housing tenure with less than good health among the elderly in Europe
- Authors:
- DALSTRA J. A. A., KUNST A. E., MACKENBACH J. P.
- Journal article citation:
- Social Science and Medicine, 62(8), April 2006, pp.2046-2060.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
The objective of this study was to determine the strength of various socio-economic indicators for predicting less than good health among elderly people aged 60–79 years. Data were obtained from national health surveys from 10 European countries. Education, income and housing tenure were examined in relation to less than good health using standardised prevalence rates and (multiple) logistic regression analyses. The results illustrated that there are substantial health differences among the elderly according to education and income in each country. Both education and income (with men) showed a strong independent relationship with health status. Health differences according to housing tenure were generally somewhat smaller. However, in Great Britain and the Netherlands housing tenure demonstrated large health differences, even after adjustment for education and income. It is recommended that more refined socio-economic measures are developed and that in the meantime both education and income are used when studying socio-economic health differences among the elderly. In some countries, like Great Britain and the Netherlands, however, housing tenure has an additional value.
Men who work at age 70 or older
- Author:
- OZAWA Martha N.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 45(4), 2005, pp.41-63.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
The federal policy on older workers in the US has shifted from the encouragement of early withdrawal from the labour force to the encouragement of continuous participation in the labour force. This article presents the findings of a study, using data from the 1993 Asset and Health Dynamics of the Oldest Old Study, that investigated the effects of health, economic conditions (net worth, employer-provided pensions, and supplemental medical insurance coverage), education, and spouse's work status on the probability of working among men aged 70 or older. The study addressed the probability of working, the probability of working fulltime and of working part-time, and the probability of being self-employed and of being employed by others. Implications for policy are discussed.
Socioeconomic factors and the risk of cognitive decline among the elderly population in Japan
- Author:
- OKAMOTO Shohei
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 34(2), 2019, pp.265-271.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Aim: In Japan, with the largest percentage of population aged 65 years or over, a dementia strategy is needed not only from a medical perspective, but also from a social policy viewpoint. This study aimed to verify the association between socioeconomic factors and cognitive decline among Japanese elderly people. Methods: Cognitive decline was assessed over a 15‐year follow‐up period using memory tests or through identifying missing/proxy responses to survey questions due to cognitive dysfunction. The author analysed 1886 men and 2102 women in Japan, using competing risk models for cognitive decline, to consider survival effects. Survival effects have not been considered so far although those who live longer may be more likely to experience cognitive decline. Results: Men with higher income had a lower risk of cognitive decline (sub‐hazard ratio [SHR]: 0.997, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.995‐0.999). Women with higher education had a lower risk of cognitive decline: 8 to 9 years (SHR: 0.646, 95% CI: 0.457‐0.914) and ≥12 years (SHR: 0.360, 95% CI: 0.164‐0.794) than women with 0 to 7 years of education. Conclusion: This study suggests that cognitive decline among the elderly Japanese population is associated with socioeconomic factors, such as income and education, even after taking survival effects into account. (Edited publisher abstract)
The economy and older people
- Author:
- AGE CONCERN
- Publisher:
- Age Concern
- Publication year:
- 2004
- Pagination:
- 52p.
- Place of publication:
- London
In 2003 there were 20 million people over 50; by 2021 this will rise to almost 25 million. As well as shaping markets and public services older people contribute to the British economy, as unpaid and paid workers. Current Government policies for supporting older people make economic contributions include: forthcoming age discrimination legislation; amendments to the pensions system; Welfare to Work programmes for older and disabled workers; new entitlements to free education; and improved support for carers.
Ethnic differences in patterns of social exchange among older adults: the role of resource context
- Authors:
- FIORI Katherine, CONSEDINE Nathan S., MAGAI Carol
- Journal article citation:
- Ageing and Society, 28(4), May 2008, pp.495-524.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Using social capital and social exchange theories, this investigation examined ethnic variation in patterns of social exchange in two heterogeneous racial groups, Blacks and Whites in the United States, and the effects of education and income on these patterns. The sample was 1,043 people aged 65–86 years from four ethnic groups (US-born European-Americans, immigrant Russians/Ukrainians, US-born African-Americans, and immigrant English-speaking Caribbeans) who had provided details of their instrumental and advice exchanges with kin and non-kin. Hierarchical multinomial logistic regressions were used to predict patterns of social exchange, variations by ethnicity, income and education, and the interactions. Ethnic differences in patterns of social exchange were found, but almost all were qualified by interactions. Those with income showed within-group heterogeneity: African-Americans and Russians/Ukrainians with higher income were more likely to engage in reciprocal instrumental kin exchange, whereas among English-speaking Caribbeans and European-Americans such exchanges were not associated with income. Unlike among European-Americans and English-speaking Caribbeans, Russians/Ukrainians with higher income and education were more likely to engage in reciprocal non-kin exchange. The findings suggest that ethnic variation in social exchange reflects both aspects of ethnic group membership and the relational context, as well as the enactment of reciprocity values in varying resource contexts.
Age and race: double discrimination; life in Britain today for ethnic minority elders
- Author:
- AGE CONCERN. Commission for Racial Equality
- Publisher:
- Age Concern
- Publication year:
- 1998
- Pagination:
- Five booklets + two flyers.
- Place of publication:
- London
Includes: an overview of life for ethnic minority elders in Britain today; health; housing; income; social welfare; education and leisure. Flyers on useful organisations, contacts and further reading.
Monitoring poverty and social exclusion 2001
- Authors:
- RAHMAN Mohibur, PALMER Guy, KENWAY Peter
- Publisher:
- Joseph Rowntree Foundation
- Publication year:
- 2001
- Pagination:
- 97p.bibliog.
- Place of publication:
- York
The reduction of poverty and social exclusion was a major objective of Labour's first term and remains key in the second. Fifty indicators are provided to assess progress, representing the most comprehensive independent monitoring of this policy area. In this report data is presented in a number of sections covering overall income trends and other indicators relating to children, young adults, adults, older people and communities. Particular attention is given to health, education, employment and factors relating to local areas.
Older Britons: a survey
- Authors:
- FALCONER Peter, ROSE Richard
- Publisher:
- University of Strathclyde. Centre for the Study of Public Policy
- Publication year:
- 1991
- Pagination:
- 97p.,tables.
- Place of publication:
- Glasgow
Covers population by age, households, education and employment, income, housing, public expenditure, health, social activities, consumer expenditure, media, religion and morality, and politics of Britons over 50.
Monitoring poverty and social exclusion: Labour's inheritance
- Authors:
- HOWARTH Catherine, et al
- Publisher:
- Joseph Rowntree Foundation
- Publication year:
- 1998
- Pagination:
- 186p.diags.,bibliog.
- Place of publication:
- York
Report presenting forty six indicators of the level of poverty and social exclusion at the time when the present Government came to power. Draws indicators from regularly updated sources, so it will be possible to monitor annually their progress from this baseline. Includes sections on: poverty and low income; children; young adults; adults; older people; communities; and an appendix on geographic concentrations.
Ageing and social policy in Australia
- Editors:
- BOROWSKI Allan, ENCEL Sol, OZANNE Elizabeth
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
- Publication year:
- 1997
- Pagination:
- 351p.,bibliogs.
- Place of publication:
- Cambridge
Looks at ageing and social policy in an Australian context and from an international comparative perspective. Topics covered include: employment, education, housing and incomes, ethnicity, legal matters, gender, and Aboriginal Australians.