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The inter-relationship between formal and informal care: a study in France and Israel
- Authors:
- LITWIN Howard, ATTIAS-DONFUT Claudine
- Journal article citation:
- Ageing and Society, 29(1), January 2009, pp.71-91.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
This study examined whether formal care services delivered to frail older people's homes in France and Israel substitute for or complement informal support. The two countries have comparable family welfare systems but many historical, cultural and religious differences. Data for the respondents aged 75 or more years at the first wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) were analysed. Regressions were examined of three patterns of care from outside the household: informal support only, formal support only and both formal and informal care, with the predictor variables including whether informal help was provided by a family member living in the household. The results revealed that about one-half of the respondents received no help at all (France 51%, Israel 55%), about one-tenth received care from a household member (France 8%, Israel 10%), and one-third were helped by informal carers from outside the household (France 34%, Israel 33%). More French respondents (35%) received formal care services at home than Israelis (27%). Most predictors of the care patterns were similar in the two countries. The analysis showed that complementarity is a common outcome of the co-existence of formal and informal care, and that mixed provision occurs more frequently in situations of greater need. It is also shown that spouse care-givers had less formal home-care supports than either co-resident children or other family care-givers. Even so, spouses, children and other family care-givers all had considerable support from formal home-delivered care.
Caring, the French Way
- Author:
- BARTLETT Nigel
- Journal article citation:
- Community Care, 9.11.89, 1989, pp.2O-22.
- Publisher:
- Reed Business Information
Home care services for the elderly in France have been provided by non-profit-making organisations for 25 years. Service provision can vary between such organisations.
Satisfaction and difficulties of French professional home caregivers in supporting older people with Alzheimer's disease or alcohol misuse
- Authors:
- MOSCATO Alba, VARESCON Isabelle
- Journal article citation:
- Health and Social Care in the Community, 26(1), 2018, pp.27-34.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
In France, few studies have examined home care when it comes to ageing support and even fewer have considered alcohol misuse in this context. The studies also show that being old and having alcohol use disorders are two unfavourable conditions for receiving help, whereas for the Alzheimer's disease, there is a clear need for optimal care. In this article, the authors study professional home caregiver's perceptions of their job along with their difficulties and satisfactions in supporting older people with Alzheimer's disease or alcohol misuse. Out of the 23 professionals approached, 17 took part in a research interview from October 2013 to January 2014. All interviews were recorded, fully transcribed and lexically analysed with Alceste® software. Among the five classes that were identified from 63% of the initial data, the main themes that emerged illustrate the nature of the associated pathologies, the perceptions and satisfactions related to the profession, their adaptive skills, the difficulties related to the life context of the older person, and the wine consumption of the latter. The lexical discourse analysis shows that the professional home caregivers are involved in looking after not only people with Alzheimer's disease but also those with alcohol misuse. However, despite the difficulties and satisfactions encountered, adaptation to the older people seems to be their priority and one of the many skills that they have acquired during their professionalisation. Most of the older people who are helped are women and the difficulties mentioned by their caregivers usually arise at the time of their death. Lastly, when caring for alcohol misusers, they describe negative attitudes in their support. Although research in this area is rare while home care for the older person, whatever the pathology, is increasing, professionals need to be supported by the associations or companies that employ them and should be trained to help them provide the appropriate care. (Edited publisher abstract)
Analysing equity in the use of long-term care in Europe
- Authors:
- RODRIGUES Ricardo, ILINCA Stefania, SCHMIDT Andrea
- Publisher:
- European Commission
- Publication year:
- 2014
- Pagination:
- 39
- Place of publication:
- Brussels
There are significant differences across social protection systems in Europe in the scope, breadth and depth of coverage of the risk to need long-term care in old-age. Together with other factors, such as education, household structure or societal values regarding care for frail older people, these differences can have a significant impact on the use of long-term care. Using SHARE data, this Research Note compares differences between European countries in the use of long-term care across income groups, for older people living at home. It analyses not only inequalities in the use of long-term care, but also differences in use that persist after differences in need have been taken into consideration, i.e. horizontal inequity. For this purpose, concentration indices, concentration curves and horizontal inequity indices are estimated for home care services and informal care. The countries analysed here are Austria, Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, France, Denmark, Greece, Belgium and Czech Republic. The findings suggest that differences in use of home care services across income groups mostly reflect differences in need between those same groups. For informal care, the differences in use persist even after accounting for needs, and less affluent individuals are much more likely to use informal care. Some possible causes for these differences and policy implications are considered.
Measuring social-work activities with older people
- Authors:
- DELLI-COLLII Nathalie, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Practice: Social Work in Action, 25(5), 2013, pp.281-296.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
The aim of this pilot study was to obtain accurate and valid data on how much time social workers spend on their different activities in the home-care programme. Data collection required two steps. Beginning with a list of social-work activities was developed and validated. The final list consisted of 75 activities in four main categories: direct activities, indirect activities, non-clinical activities and personal time. The list was programmed in TEDDI (French acronym for clinician time and motion) a software running on a handheld computer to carry out continuous-time-and-motion through self-reporting. Secondly, eight social workers used TEDDI for 12 days: 2632 activities and 94 working days were analysed. Analysis revealed that 68% of the total time was allocated to direct (19%) and indirect activities (49%), 16% to non-clinical activities and 16% to personal time. The social workers spent 14.3% of their time with the older person and 4.5% with the older person’ families; 14.2% of social worker time was allocated to record keeping, which was the most time-consuming activity. This study documented the nature of tasks carried out as well as the time used to perform them. (Publisher abstract)
The redefinition of the familialist home care model in France: the complex formalization of care through cash payment
- Author:
- BIHAN Blanche Le
- Journal article citation:
- Health and Social Care in the Community, 20(3), May 2012, pp.238-246.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
This article examines French policy measures on the organisation of home-based care for older people, by investigating the balance between formal and informal care. It specifically focuses on the cash for care scheme which is at the core of the French home-based care policy. A detailed analysis was made of different policy documents and public reports, together with a systematic review of existing studies. Findings highlighted the complexity of the process related to the introduction of care allowance and demonstrate. It outlined the diversity of the resources available: heterogeneous professional care, semi-formal forms of care work with the possibility to employ a relative and informal family care. Finally, the analysis revealed the importance of the regulation of cash payments on the reshaping of formal and informal care.
Diagnostic study, design and implementation of an integrated model of care in France: a bottom-up process with continuous leadership
- Authors:
- DE STAMPA Matthieu, et al
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Integrated Care, 10(1), 2010, Online only
- Publisher:
- International Foundation for Integrated Care
Sustaining integrated care is difficult, largely because of problems in securing the participation of health care and social service professionals and, in particular, general practitioners (GPs). This article describes an innovative bottom-up, pragmatic strategy used to implement a new integrated care model in France for community-dwelling elderly people with complex needs. Initially, face-to-face interviews were conducted to gather data on current practices from a sample of health and social stakeholders working with elderly people. The stakeholders then designed an integrated care model called Coordination Personnes Agées (COPA), adapted to the local context. Finally, the model was implemented in two phases: adoption and maintenance. The process was continuously evaluated. Continuity of leadership was provided by clinicians and researchers during the diagnostic and design phases, and by clinicians and service managers during the implementation phase. The implementation of this strategy relied on establishing a collaborative dynamic among health and social stakeholders, including GPs.
Cost-benefit analysis in social care for elderly people
- Author:
- DUTRENIT Jean-Marc
- Journal article citation:
- Evaluation Review, 29(5), October 2005, pp.389-406.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Social care at home for elderly people is now growing rapidly in France. The research presented here, and made for the Comity of Lille Employment Area with cooperation of the Caisse Primaire d’Assurance Maladiede Lille (the local board of the national social security system), attempts to discover 'What kind of social activities could stimulate good health for elderly people measured by lower cost of pharmacy expenditures?'. The results found that ceteris paribus, cultural activities - in a group or at home - versus others appear to produce more interest for elderly, professional caregivers, and the rest of society.
The French approach to community care
- Author:
- OGG Jim
- Journal article citation:
- Generations Review, 9(2), June 1999, pp.6-8.
- Publisher:
- British Society of Gerontology
As in Britain social policy concerning support to older people in France since the 1960s has developed to meet the challenges of an ageing population. During the 1970s community care services were developed at local level and a wide range of statutory and independent care sectors currently exist. Looks at the difficulties France has faced and how they have tried to reduce them.
Home care for the elderly
- Author:
- INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SECURITY ASSOCIATION
- Publisher:
- International Social Security Association
- Publication year:
- 1992
- Pagination:
- 140p.
- Place of publication:
- Geneva
Report describing the experience in 8 European countries with regard to assistance, health care and home care for older and disabled people, focusing in particular on the debate over the introduction of a dependency benefit.