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Facing the challenges in the development of long-term care for older people in Europe in the context of an economic crisis
- Authors:
- DEUSDAD Blanca A., PACE Charles, ANTTONEN Anneli
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Social Service Research, 42(2), 2016, pp.144-150.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
This article introduces the content of this special issue, which incorporates eight articles in which authors evaluate recent changes and developments in long term conditions (LTCs) for older people in European countries, most particularly from the perspective of restructuring taking place in the LTC for older people. The economic and state financial crises are the most important drivers behind widespread overall restructuring processes. (Edited publisher abstract)
Funding care: can each generation pay its fair share?
- Authors:
- HIRSCH Donald, SPIERS Philip
- Publisher:
- Joseph Rowntree Foundation
- Publication year:
- 2010
- Pagination:
- 7p.
- Place of publication:
- York
There is now wide agreement, accepted by government, that the present system of paying for care needs replacing. The big sticking point is finding extra funding which both covers the growing needs of an ageing population and shares the cost fairly between generations. A new settlement needs to be fair, transparent and sustainable. This viewpoint proposes a two-track approach where each generation contributes to the costs of its own care in later life. Today’s older people have not put aside funds to cover these costs, but have built up other assets. A first part of the Care Levy taxing these assets at a modest rate on inheritance could meet the funding gap in caring for this generation. Younger people could start to build up funds through additional National Insurance contributions as part of the Care Levy. Each successive age cohort would have the inheritance part of the levy reduced to reflect this, with people aged 30 or less when the scheme was introduced having no levy on inheritance. In addition to these 2 parts of the Care Levy, funding could also come from general taxation and small charges to users. Such a broad sharing of costs among different generations, linked to ability to pay, could be presented as a fair and equitable settlement.
Older women: work and caregiving in conflict?: a study of four countries
- Authors:
- MULLER Charlotte, VOLKOV Oleg
- Journal article citation:
- Social Work in Health Care, 48(7), October 2009, pp.665-695.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
Caring issues are important for industrialised societies that have been undergoing population ageing. In this article we consider caring as a factor in the outlook for midlife and older women with respect to economic security and economic advancement. We use demographic and economic data from the United States, France, Sweden and the United Kingdom, in particular to document the importance of continued labour force participation for older women to make ends meet in an era of high household costs of physician services, prescription drugs and other health-related services, and uncertainties about pensions. Data on employment status, industry, and occupation of economically active women in comparison with men indicate the extent of both gender gaps and progress affecting women's resources. The research of Dr. Myrna Lewis was a stimulus to the present exploration.
A national care fund for long-term care: a policy brief
- Author:
- LLOYD James
- Publisher:
- International Longevity Centre UK
- Publication year:
- 2008
- Pagination:
- 9p.
- Place of publication:
- London
The future funding of long-term care for older people is widely recognised as one of the biggest public policy challenges confronting the UK Government. The cost of long-term care is set to increase in coming decades as a result of demographic change, increasing longevity, as well as the widely acknowledged need to spend more on care to raise quality. Proposals for state-funded universal free care have thus far dominated debate, but are becoming increasingly problematic in light of the unprecedented transfers of wealth from younger to older cohorts that have occurred during a period of rising property prices.
A national care fund for long-term care
- Author:
- LLOYD James
- Publisher:
- International Longevity Centre UK
- Publication year:
- 2008
- Pagination:
- 75p.
- Place of publication:
- London
The future funding of long-term care for older people is widely recognised as one of the biggest public policy challenges confronting the UK Government. The cost of long-term care is set to increase in coming decades as a result of demographic change, increasing longevity, as well as the widely acknowledged need to spend more on care to raise quality. Proposals for state-funded universal free care have thus far dominated debate, but are becoming increasingly problematic in light of the unprecedented transfers of wealth from younger to older cohorts that have occurred during a period of rising property prices.
Future demand for long-term care, 2002 to 2041: projections of demand for long-term care for older people in England
- Authors:
- WITTENBUERG Raphael, et al
- Publisher:
- Personal Social Services Research Unit
- Publication year:
- 2006
- Pagination:
- 32p., bibliog.
- Place of publication:
- London
The financing of long-term care raises a great many questions. How many older people are likely to require long-term care services in the coming decades? How much are these services likely to cost? Will the cost to public funds prove affordable? Who should pay? How should costs be divided between public expenditure and private sources of finance? In order to address these issues, reliable projections are needed of future demand for long-term care and future long-term care expenditure. This paper presents projections of demand for long-term care for older people in England to 2041 and associated future expenditure. The projections were produced using an updated and expanded version of the Personal Social Services Research Unit’s (PSSRU) long-term care projections model. The version of the model used here has a base year of 2002 and incorporates the 2004-based official population projections. The first part of the paper describes the PSSRU long-term care finance research programme and recent associated projects. The second part of the paper describes the updated and expanded PSSRU long-term care projections model, including details of the data used in this updated version. The third part presents a set of base case assumptions and the projections obtained using those assumptions. The fourth part investigates the sensitivity of the projections to changes in those assumptions. Section five discusses the findings. A final section sets out some conclusions.
Measuring personal social services outputs for national accounts: services for older people
- Authors:
- NETTEN Ann, FORDER Julien, SHAPIRO Judith
- Publisher:
- Personal Social Services Research Unit
- Publication year:
- 2006
- Pagination:
- 55p., bibliog.
- Place of publication:
- Canterbury
There is increasing pressure to devise a means of reflecting the outputs of social care in ways that can be used to reflect changes in productivity and efficiency. Professor Sir Tony Atkinson led a review for the Office for National Statistics (ONS) on the future development of government output, productivity and associated price indices (Atkinson, 2005). The review followed Eurostat guidance that countries should be developing direct measures of government services that are individually consumed. As part of this review and with the longer-term objective of improving measurement and understanding of PSS output and productivity in social care, the Department of Health funded work to develop new measures of personal social services (PSS) output and productivity, reflecting best available practice. This paper reports on the results of this work. An extensive search of the literature identified little theoretical discussion or empirical evidence in the field of measuring productivity and outputs of social care services. Most of the evidence was limited to evaluations of cost effectiveness of specific interventions or services for particular client groups. While valuable in their own right such studies do not address the central question of how to measure government output in social care services across client groups in a way that could be used to monitor changes in productivity over time. The first stage of the work was to develop a theoretically based approach and to identify how it might be applied (at least to some extent) using existing sources of data. The second stage (which we report on here) is to illustrate the application of the approach for measuring for National Accounts purposes outputs and services for older people using routine statistical sources and drawing on data collected as part of a study conducted to inform the Formula Spending Share The authors start by describing the overall approach to the welfare index and then in turn discuss the methodology and basis for estimating core components of this index: Capacity for Benefit and quality. In section 5 they illustrate the application of the approach to activity data in estimating outputs and changes in levels of output over time. Finally they discuss some of the issues raised by the application including the wider potential of the approach and data requirements if such an approach were to be used in the future for National Accounts.
Housing and equity: Department of Health Steering Group
- Author:
- HOUSING AND FINANCE WORKING GROUP
- Publisher:
- Department of Health
- Publication year:
- 2013
- Pagination:
- 20
- Place of publication:
- London
The Department of Health invited representatives of the financial services industry to conduct a review of the market of products to fund care. These reports have identified opportunities for development of financial care products and the problems they might face. For this report, the Housing and Finance Working Group considered “products” in relation to: how housing wealth can be used to pay for residential care; how equity release (ER) and the Universal Deferred Payment Scheme (UDPS) can work together; and how the advice system can support individuals to make the right decision for them. (Edited publisher abstract)
Consumers and the Marketplace working group: key findings and messages [ on Review of care products]
- Author:
- PWC
- Publisher:
- Department of Health
- Publication year:
- 2014
- Pagination:
- 16
- Place of publication:
- London
The Department of Health has invited representatives of the financial services industry to conduct a review of the market of products to fund care. In this report, representatives of organisations in insurance and financial services have worked with the Department of Work and Pensions (DWP), the Department of Health (DH) and ILC to examine and summarise consumer attitudes to long term care (LTC) costs. The working group considered: financial solutions for different consumer cohorts (referred to as segmentation); understanding what care costs and related needs these groups may have; international experience with LTC markets; customer attitudes to care costs; and implications for policy on advice and information. The following key themes emerge: the long-term care solution is complex; a single overarching message for consumers is needed; regulated advice is important but should not be compulsory; existing products can be part of the solution; private sector offerings and government incentives are required to stimulate demand; consumers can pay a range of cost to receive “good quality of care”; and further analysis is required in some areas to understand the potential size of the LTC market. (Edited publisher abstract)
Developing products for social care
- Authors:
- ASSOCIATION OF BRITISH INSURERS, PENSIONS AND INSURANCE WORKING GROUP
- Publisher:
- Department of Health
- Publication year:
- 2014
- Pagination:
- 43
- Place of publication:
- London
The Department of Health invited representatives of the financial services industry to conduct a review of the market of products to fund care. These reports have identified opportunities for development of financial care products and the problems they might face. For this report, the Pensions and Insurance Working Group considered a range of possible pensions and insurance products to help people pay for care. While there is scope to develop specialised care products, the Working Group concludes that there is no “silver bullet” financial product to pay for care costs. Annexes present research conducted for the project: ‘Long term care proposals’ (Prudential, June 2013); and ‘Financial advice and long term care (SOLLA with ABI, June 2013). (Edited publisher abstract)