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Conceptual model and map of psychological abuse of older adults
- Authors:
- CONRAD Kendon J., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 23(2), April 2011, pp.147-168.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
Psychological abuse of older adults is a hidden and pervasive problem that includes verbal insults and threats, treating the older person like an infant, and isolating them from friends and family. Psychological abuse of older adults is currently not well conceptualised or well measured. The goal of this project was to conceptualise psychological abuse using 3-dimensional concept maps, and to use the concepts generated in this process to develop a theory that could guide measure development for screening and outcome assessment. Panels of local and national experts in the field of elder abuse and neglect and aging were brought together to generate 56 descriptive statements defining psychological abuse. These statements were sorted and rated using Concept Systems software whereby the concepts were depicted as a map. The concept map was comprised of 5 distinct clusters: isolation; insensitivity and disrespect; shaming and blaming; threats and intimidation; and trusted other risk factors. The concept maps guided development of theoretical hierarchies of psychological abuse that should help improve understanding of this type of elder abuse.
Theoretical approaches to elder abuse: a systematic review of the empirical evidence
- Authors:
- FUNDINHO Joao Filipe, PEREIRA Diana Cunha, FERREIRA-ALVES Jose
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Adult Protection, 23(6), 2021, pp.370-383.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: The study of theoretical models explaining elder abuse has been one of the main gaps in the literature of the field. The extent of support of each theory is not clear. This study aims to conduct a systematic review to examine research supporting or opposing six theories of elder abuse: caregiver stress theory, social exchange theory, social learning theory, bidirectional theory, dyadic discord theory and the psychopathology of the caregiver. Design/methodology/approach: This study conducts a systematic review of the literature. Seven databases were searched six times using different keywords about each theory. Findings: This paper finds 26,229 references and then organised and analysed these references using pre-established criteria. In total, 89 papers were selected, which contained 117 results of interest; these papers were summarised and assessed for conceptual, methodological and evidence quality. The results showed evidence in favour of all the explored theories, except for social learning theory, whose results indicate multiple interpretations of the theory. This study finishes this paper by proposing that each of these theories might explain different facets of elder abuse and that more research is necessary to understand how the predictions of these different theories interact. Originality/value: This paper presents an extensive review of the literature on theoretical explanations of elder abuse. The findings can be of value for selecting theories for prevention programmes or providing a summary of the evidence for researchers and practitioners interested in the theoretical explanation of elder abuse. (Edited publisher abstract)
The victim-offender overlap in late adulthood
- Authors:
- REISIG Michael D., HOLTFRETER Kristy
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 30(2), 2018, pp.144-166.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
This study contributes to the general knowledge of the victim–offender overlap by determining whether the phenomenon exists among older adults and whether known correlates of crime and victimisation explain the relationship. Cross-sectional survey data from telephone interviews conducted with individuals 60 years and older (N = 2,000) residing in Arizona and Florida are used to estimate confirmatory factor models for both victimisation and criminal offending. The results from a series of multivariate regression models show that victimisation is associated with criminal offending. While factors such as low self-control, depression, and spending time in commercial drinking establishments partially attenuate the victimisation–crime link, the statistically significant relationship persists in a multivariate context. Further testing indicates that the observed findings are robust across measurement and modeling strategies. Coupled with prior research, the results support the argument that the victim–offender overlap exists (and is difficult to explain) over the life course. (Edited publisher abstract)
Impairment and abuse of elderly by staff in long-term care in Michigan: evidence from structural equation modelling
- Authors:
- CONNER Tom, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(1), January 2011, pp.21-33.
- Publisher:
- Sage
A number of risk factors are known to be associated with elder abuse in long-term care. This study aimed to provide a model to place these risk factors in a causal structure that relates the factors to each other and to whether abuse occurs. Nine hypotheses focusing on cognitive impairment, physical impairment, behaviour problems, and age were generated regarding the susceptibility to abuse among the elderly in long-term care. In 2006, a random digit dial survey in Michigan was completed by 1,002 respondents who were knowledgeable relatives of, or adults responsible for, a person in long-term care. The survey measured the level of impairment of the person in long-term care, covering various health-related problems and the ability to do activities of daily living. The survey also asked about the incidence of staff abuse over the previous 12 months, including physical, caretaking, verbal, emotional, neglect, sexual and material abuse. The results were used in the construction of a structural equation model which corresponds to the 9 hypotheses and specifies the relationships between factors and from factors to susceptibility to abuse. In this model, susceptibility to abuse, physical impairment, and cognitive impairment are latent variables, and behaviour problems and age are directly measured. The article concludes by discussing the pattern of relationships between these risk factors for abuse.
Community elder mistreatment intervention with capable older adults: toward a conceptual practice model
- Author:
- BURNES David
- Journal article citation:
- Gerontologist, 57(3), 2017, pp.409-416.
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
Community-based elder mistreatment response programs (EMRP), such as adult protective services, that are responsible for directly addressing elder abuse and neglect are under increasing pressure with greater reporting/referrals nationwide. Our knowledge and understanding of effective response interventions represents a major gap in the EM literature. At the center of this gap is a lack of theory or conceptual models to help guide EMRP research and practice. This article develops a conceptual practice model for community-based EMRPs that work directly with cognitively intact EM victims. Anchored by core EMRP values of voluntariness, self-determination, and least restrictive path, the practice model is guided by an overarching postmodern, constructivist, eco-systemic practice paradigm that accepts multiple, individually constructed mistreatment realities and solutions. Harm-reduction, client-centred, and multidisciplinary practice models are described toward a common EMRP goal to reduce the risk of continued mistreatment. Finally, the model focuses on client–practitioner relationship-oriented practice skills such as engagement and therapeutic alliance to elicit individual mistreatment realities and client-centered solutions. The practice model helps fill a conceptual gap in the EM intervention literature and carries implications for EMRP training, research, and practice. (Edited publisher abstract)
Elder abuse and neglect in residential settings: the need for inclusiveness in elder abuse research
- Author:
- GLENDENNING Frank
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 10(1/2), 1999, pp.1-11.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
This introductory paper argues that research into elder abuse and neglect has become locked in the family violence model, whereas in reality much more research attention needs to be paid to abuse in residential settings as well. Relevant research findings during the last fifteen years are reviewed. During the course of the article the remaining articles in this volume are reviewed with attention being drawn to the importance of several aspects of nursing care in this context: quality, restraint, nutrition, and over-medication.
Validation of the indicators of abuse (IOA) screen
- Authors:
- REIS Myrna, NAHMIASH Daphne
- Journal article citation:
- Gerontologist, 38(4), September 1998, pp.471-480.
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
It is important to enable social service agency practitioners to identify cases in which seniors are abused by their caregivers. The Indicators of Abuse (IOA) screening measure provides an abuse screening tool, based on abuse indicators, for use by practitioners. The study supports the validity of the 29-item set of indicators of the IOA, which discriminates abuse cases from nonabuse cases. An abuse-indicator model evolving from the IOA suggests three main type of abuse signals: (a) caregiver personal problems/issues; (b) caregiver interpersonal problems/issues; (c) care receiver social support shortages and past abuse.
Elder abuse and neglect in Poland
- Author:
- HALICKA Malgorzata
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 6(3/4), 1995, pp.157-169.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
Polish gerontological literature has not defined abuse and neglect with regard to elderly people. Presents an interpretation of neglect and abuse and reports on research conducted in Bialystok. Concludes that social services do not solve the problems of older people in Poland. The transition from a centrally managed economy to a market economy means that there is a need to form a new model of social services. Outlines key points for policies aimed at preventing and solving the problems of neglect.
Police and partners: new ways of working together in Montreal
- Authors:
- BEAULIEU Marie, COTE Michelle, DIAZ Luisa
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Adult Protection, 19(6), 2017, pp.406-417.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
The purpose of this paper is to present an inter-agency practice integrated within a police intervention model which was developed for police officers and their partners in Montréal. Design/methodology/approach: The Integrated Police Response for Abused Seniors (IPRAS) action research project (2013-2016) developed, tested, and implemented a police intervention model to counter elder abuse. Two linked phases of data collection were carried out: a diagnostic of police practices and needs (year 1) and an evaluation of the implementation of the intervention model and the resulting effects (years 2 and 3). Findings: The facilitating elements to support police involvement in inter-agency practices include implementing a coordination structure regarding abuse cases as well as designating clear guidelines of the roles of both the police and their partners. The critical challenges involve staff turnover, time management and the exchange of information. It was recognised by all involved that it is crucial to collaborate while prioritising resource investment and governmental support, with regards to policy and financing, as well as adequate training. Practical implications: The IPRAS model is transferable because its components can be adapted and implemented according to different police services. A guideline for implementing the model is available. Originality/value: In the scientific literature, inter-agency collaboration is highly recommended but only a few models have been evaluated. This paper presents an inter-agency approach embedded in an evaluated police intervention model. (Publisher abstract)
Physical elder abuse perpetrated by relatives with serious mental illness: a preliminary conceptual social–ecological model
- Authors:
- LABRUM Travis, SOLOMON Phyllis L.
- Journal article citation:
- Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25(Part B), 2015, p.293–303.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
It is estimated that between 16% and 38% of all elder abusers have a history of mental illness, with most such persons likely having serious mental illness (SMI). Despite the disproportionality of elder abuse perpetrated by persons with SMI, elder abuse and mental health researchers have failed to examine factors associated with the occurrence of elder abuse perpetrated by persons with SMI. By integrating research findings regarding perpetration of community and family violence by persons with SMI and elder abuse perpetrated by persons regardless of their mental health status, this article proposes a preliminary conceptual social–ecological model to explain the occurrence of physical elder abuse perpetrated by persons with SMI. It is intended for this model to further stimulate and guide research in this area. It is imperative that research be conducted regarding factors associated with the perpetration of physical elder abuse by persons with SMI as it is a prerequisite for the creation of practice and policy interventions aimed at preventing and intervening in elder abuse perpetrated by this population. (Publisher abstract)