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UK poverty: causes, costs and solutions
- Author:
- JOSEPH ROWNTREE FOUNDATION
- Publisher:
- Joseph Rowntree Foundation
- Publication year:
- 2016
- Pagination:
- 369
- Place of publication:
- York
A comprehensive report on UK poverty, examining causes, costs and solutions. To be in poverty is to have resources that are well below minimum needs, as a result of a lack of resources – most obviously, income – but also of steep prices for minimum needs. Low resources and high costs cause poverty, separately or together. It is estimated that 13.5 million people live in poverty in the UK. This report explains what poverty is and what causes it, highlights trends and projections in UK poverty, and makes recommendations for tackling: the high costs driving poverty, including housing; poverty in childhood; poverty in working age; poverty in later life; poverty for people with complex needs. The report argues that the problem of poverty can be solved by strengthening family life, ensuring all citizens have the skills they need to operate, fixing flaws in the benefits system, taking practical action to contain rising costs, and moving to more progressive employment and business practices. Solving poverty relies on economic growth, but the proceeds need to be distributed more fairly, and the underlying causes, such as low pay, low skills and high costs, need to be reduced. Where possible, the report has costed the policy recommendations and shown where there could be savings in the long term. The report calls on national and local governments, businesses, employers, providers of essential goods and services, housing providers, public service providers, investors and philanthropists, community, faith and voluntary sector groups and citizens to work together, to reduce the risk of people falling into poverty, mitigate their experiences when they are in poverty and make it easier for them to escape from it. (Edited publisher abstract)
Our voices: the experiences of people ageing without children
- Authors:
- BETH JOHNSON FOUNDATION, AGEING WITHOUT CHILDREN
- Publishers:
- Beth Johnson Foundation, Ageing Without Children
- Publication year:
- 2016
- Pagination:
- 40
- Place of publication:
- Stoke-on-Trent
This report details the experiences of people over 50 years old who are ageing without children and highlights the key themes and issues that affect them. This includes adults who have never had children, as well as parents who have become childless through bereavement, or those who are estranged from their children. The report is based on four focus groups attended by a total of 42 people, including four people from an all-male focus group and nine people from the LGBT community. It also draws on discussions on social media and the results of a 2015 Ageing with Children survey. The individual stories included in the report demonstrate that ageing without children is what could be described as a ‘wicked problem’, a problem that is difficult to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements. It identifies 6 key themes affecting people ageing without children: invisibility; being judged; "who will tell my story?”; being a carer for their own parents as a trigger point to recognising the problems they may face; practical support; and disconnect from other generations. It puts forward a number of solutions to the issue, including: for central government to take into account that increasing numbers of people will get old without family support; enable GPs, hospitals and social care services to identify people without family and to provide them with support or care at an early stage; investment in advocacy and intergenerational projects; better access to advice to help plan for later life; more education and training to service providers working directly with older people; and a campaign for the National Census to collect childlessness data for men; and increasing social awareness of the issue of ageing without children. It also makes recommendations for future research. (Edited publisher abstract)
Politics of defamilialization: a comparison of Italy, Japan, Korea and Spain
- Authors:
- ESTEVEZ-ABE Margarita, NALDINI Manuela
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of European Social Policy, 26(4), 2016, pp.327-343.
- Publisher:
- Sage
This article investigates the politics of ‘defamilialization of care’ in four familialist countries – Italy, Japan, Korea and Spain – during the past 15 years. By ‘defamilialization of care’, the authors refer to those public policies, which aim at reducing the care responsibility of the family – both for the young and the old. They build upon the existing literature on new social risks by highlighting the role of those macro-political institutions such as electoral systems and government types in order to demonstrate that there are two very different types of politics of defamilialization: (1) election-oriented and (2) problem-oriented. The authors attribute different policy outcomes in the four familialist countries to their specific institutional configurations rather than to partisan government composition or different cultural orientations. (Edited publisher abstract)
Mental health and prevention: taking local action for better mental health
- Authors:
- GOLDIE Isabella, et al
- Publisher:
- Mental Health Foundation
- Publication year:
- 2016
- Pagination:
- 81
- Place of publication:
- London
Outlines ways to tackle the rapidly growing level of mental ill health, setting out a road map to bring about a prevention revolution in mental health, delivered in every local area. The report advocates a whole population approach. This means that a local area, a school, an employer, a public service or any organisation, would look at the risks and needs of everyone before drawing up a strategy to encourage overall mental health literacy and a proportionate approach that brings in more help and attention as risk increases. Understanding and responding to different levels of risk and resilience requires services in all areas to achieve a picture of the mental health inequalities in the population they serve. Outlining how this would work in practical terms, the report suggests that mental health improvement should be integrated into daily work, with messages and interventions tailored to address the specific circumstances of those at highest risk of developing mental health problems. The report explores different life stages, showcasing methods to improve people’s mental health across the life-course, from infant mental health, to supporting good mental health in later life. (Edited publisher abstract)
The experiences of people ageing without children
- Author:
- AGEING WITHOUT CHILDREN
- Publisher:
- Ageing Without Children
- Publication year:
- 2016
- Pagination:
- 23
This report begins to address the concerns many people have about the future of/for older adults without children. This report is based on 4 focus groups held in York, Leeds, Kingston upon Thames and Henfield in West Sussex. A total of 42 people attended the focus groups which included 4 people from an all-male focus group and 9 people from the LGBT community interspersed throughout all focus groups. In addition, 2 people were interviewed on a one to one basis and 4 people contributed case studies. The following six were the most common issues that arose in the focus groups, survey and on line discussions and findings are discussed in the report: invisibility; felling judged; not having someone who will remember and the feeling of loss and lack of legacy; being a carer as a trigger point; practical support; and disconnect from other generations. The report identifies areas for further research sets out possible solutions, including: local authorities identify how many people in their area are likely to age without children and incorporate this into their strategies on ageing; GPs, hospitals and social care services are able to identify people without family, provide support or care at an early stage and guarantee involvement of other services to ensure they are not left without support; and investment in intergenerational programmes and activities so that people ageing without children still have the possibility of engaging with other generations. (Edited publisher abstract)
Social support and protection from depression: systematic review of current findings in Western countries
- Authors:
- GARIEPY Genevieve, HONKANIEMI Helena, QUESNEL-VALLEE Amelie
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(4), 2016, pp.284-293.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Background: Numerous studies report an association between social support and protection from depression, but no systematic review or meta-analysis exists on this topic. Aims: To review systematically the characteristics of social support (types and source) associated with protection from depression across life periods (childhood and adolescence; adulthood; older age) and by study design (cross-sectional v. cohort studies). Method: A systematic literature search conducted in February 2015 yielded 100 eligible studies. Study quality was assessed using a critical appraisal checklist, followed by meta-analyses. Results: Sources of support varied across life periods, with parental support being most important among children and adolescents, whereas adults and older adults relied more on spouses, followed by family and then friends. Significant heterogeneity in social support measurement was noted. Effects were weaker in both magnitude and significance in cohort studies. Conclusions: Knowledge gaps remain due to social support measurement heterogeneity and to evidence of reverse causality bias. (Publisher abstract)
Mother–child relations in adulthood within and across national borders: non-Western immigrants in the Netherlands
- Authors:
- ROOYACKERS Ilse N., de VALK Helga A. G., MERZ Eva-Maria
- Journal article citation:
- Ageing and Society, 36(10), 2016, pp.2010-2035.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
The authors examined structures of (trans)national mother–child relationships in adulthood among non-Western immigrants in the Netherlands and assessed how acculturation impacted these intergenerational ties. From the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study, Turkish, Moroccan, Surinamese and Antillean respondents were selected whose mother lived in the Netherlands (N = 360) or abroad (N = 316). First, extending a previous typology of immigrant mother–child relations in the Netherlands, Latent Class Analysis was conducted for transnational relations. As expected, combining information about given and/or received emotional and financial support resulted in an emotional-interdependent and detached transnational mother–child relationship. Second, acculturation effects were estimated by using relationship assignment as a dependent variable, performing Logistic Regressions on our uni-national and transnational sample. Findings were mixed, suggesting acculturation impacts differently on family relations within and across borders. Overall, the results demonstrate the importance of reciprocal affective ties in a transnational context, also in the absence (Edited publisher abstract)