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The relationships between major lifetime discrimination, everyday discrimination, and mental health in three racial and ethnic groups of older adults
- Authors:
- AYALON Liat, GUM Amber
- Journal article citation:
- Aging and Mental Health, 15(5), July 2011, pp.587-594.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
This paper examined the relationship between exposure to discrimination and mental health in three racial groups in the United States. Data from the Health and Retirement Study identified 6,455 White, 716 Latino, and 1,214 Black participants who completed a self-report psychosocial questionnaire in 2006. Thirty per cent of the general population and 45% of Blacks reported at least one type of discrimination. Latinos were significantly less likely to report any everyday discrimination. Blacks reported the greatest frequency of everyday discrimination. Whites reported the highest levels of life satisfaction and the lowest levels of depressive symptoms. Relative to major lifetime discrimination, everyday discrimination had a somewhat stronger correlation with mental health indicators. The relationships between discrimination and mental health outcomes were stronger for White compared to Black older adults. While Black older adults experience the greatest number of discriminative events, they experienced weaker associated mental health outcomes; perhaps because they had become accustomed to these experiences or benefited from social or cultural resources that serve as buffers
Differences in net worth between elderly black people and elderly white people
- Authors:
- OZAWA Martha N., TSENG Huan-yui
- Journal article citation:
- Social Work Research, 24(2), June 2000, pp.96-108.
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
The economic well-being of elderly people is determined partly by how many assets they have. This article presents the findings of US study on the differences in the level of net worth held by white elderly people and black people and the correlates of net worth of these two groups. The study found an enormous difference in net worth of these groups, even after other variables were held constant.
Examining racial and ethnic disparities among older adults in long-term care facilities
- Authors:
- LEE Kathy, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Gerontologist, 61(6), 2021, pp.858-869.
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
Background and Objectives: The purpose of this project was to examine individual-level ethnic and racial differences and facility-level differences in types of complaints and rates of complaint resolution in a local long-term care ombudsman program. Research Design and Methods: We employed a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design. First, we analyzed secondary complaint data based on residents’ race and ethnicity (n = 464) and facility characteristics (n = 101). We then conducted 2 focus groups with ombudsmen (n = 12) to provide context for our quantitative findings and to explore the ombudsmen’s views on disparities in long-term care facilities. Results: Racial and ethnic minority residents were more likely to generate complaints related to residents’ rights than nonminority residents. Assisted living facilities were more likely to have complaints related to residents’ rights and outside agencies than nursing homes. The rate of complaint resolution increased among facilities with a higher proportion of minority residents, compared to facilities with a lower proportion of minority residents. However, an estimation of cross-level interaction revealed that non-Hispanic White residents in these facilities experienced faster complaint resolution than minority residents. Ombudsmen expressed concerns about communication barriers between minority residents and facility staff and discussed different complaint types and resolution rates according to facility types. Discussion and Implications: Our findings highlight disparities across long-term care facilities as well as disparities in care minority residents experience. Long-term care ombudsman program complaint data should be disaggregated by race and ethnicity of the residents to advocate for policy change at facility, state, and federal levels. (Edited publisher abstract)
Ethnic minority membership and depression in the UK and America
- Author:
- HOLTTUM Sue
- Journal article citation:
- Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 21(1), 2017, pp.5-12.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: This paper discusses two recent studies on depression in members of ethnic minorities, one based in the UK with older people, and one in the USA. The aim was to examine what might lead to depression in these groups, and what might protect people from it. Design/methodology/approach: The UK-based study examined depression and physical health in older members of the two largest ethnic minority groups in the UK: African Caribbean and South Asian. The US-based study examined whether a sense of belonging to the population group African Americans protected people from depression, as one social theory might predict, or whether racism prevented this protection, as predicted by another theory. Findings: In London-based older South Asians, depression was explained by their poorer physical health compared to white Europeans. In older people of black Caribbean origin, depression was linked to their social disadvantage. The researchers did not measure people’s experience of discrimination, and other research suggests this can explain both physical illness and depression. The US-based study reported better well-being for people who identified with other African Americans, but not if they also felt negative about African Americans. However, these were weak links, so other things may affect well-being more, such as day-to-day relationships and a range of group memberships. Originality/value: The London-based study was new in studying depression in older people belonging to the two largest ethnic minority groups in the UK and in white Europeans. The US study tested two competing social theories with different predictions about depression in relation to belonging to an ethnic minority. Both studies highlight the need for more research on discrimination and how to reduce it and its negative effects on both mental and physical health. (Edited publisher abstract)
Older workers in modern times: the ageing of the UK Labour market and its consequences
- Author:
- KHAN Omar
- Journal article citation:
- Runnymede Bulletin, 368, Winter 2011, pp.14-15.
- Publisher:
- Runnymede Trust
The implcations of the UK's ageing population on the labour market and its consequences for BME older people are discussed.
Elder abuse in South Africa
- Authors:
- ECKLEY S.C.A., VILAKAZI P.A.C.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 6(3/4), 1995, pp.171-182.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
Abuse, ill treatment and victimization of older people are growing phenomena in South Africa, demanding greater public attention and response in recent years. Examines the problem of elder abuse within the South African context.
Elder abuse and neglect in African American families: informing practice based on ecological and cultural frameworks
- Authors:
- HORSFORD Sheena R., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 23(1), January 2011, pp.75-88.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
The elderly African American population is growing rapidly but elder abuse and neglect in this group has received relatively little attention from researchers. This article presents an ecological and culturally informed framework for the study of elder abuse in African American populations. The model was developed based on Bronfenbrenner's Human Ecological Theory. It identifies risk factors associated with different systems that have an influence on the lives of African American families as well as identifying cultural protective factors. The model is intended to provide an understanding of elder abuse and neglect in African American families by considering the influence of contextual factors such as the legacy of slavery, social exclusion, and structural segregation and racism. The authors offer suggestions for practice based on the cultural strengths of African American communities as well as the ecological premises of the model.
Passing the baton: inter-generational conceptions of race and racism in Birmingham
- Authors:
- GILL Kamaljeet, SVEINSSON Kjartan
- Publisher:
- Runnymede Trust
- Publication year:
- 2011
- Pagination:
- 24p.
- Place of publication:
- London
The aim of this report, produced as part of project Generation 3.0, is to examine how attitudes towards race and racism have changed over the 3 generations that have grown up since mass migration started in the UK. The hope is that this report can provide insights into how racism can be effectively resisted in the future. Seven focus groups were conducted with people of different ages (from 16 to over 90 years old) divided into older and younger participants. The participants were recruited from various community groups, youth centres and projects for young people across Birmingham, and were ethnical and religiously diverse. The participants were asked what they felt race meant in Birmingham today, how they felt racism operated and the ways it could be challenged. This report separately discusses the findings for the younger participants and the older participants on the themes of: race, racism and discrimination; the way in which people’s identities seem to change across generations; and relationships between different communities. The research found that the stereotypes of apathetic and disengaged youth are wide of the mark. The young people were active, engaged and impassioned, and had serious and often subtle things to say about how racism affects their lives and their life-chances. The report concludes by suggesting ways to connect the different generations to tackle racism together.
Experiencing racism: reflections on the practice of research with minority ethnic older people in Britain
- Author:
- SIN Chih Hoong
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(2), April 2005, pp.101-115.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
The experience of racism is variegated and the methods used in collecting data in this area are widely acknowledged to be flawed. This article reflects on the experience of interviewing older people from minority ethnic backgrounds about their quality of life, with specific reference to how individuals report their experience of racism, the reasons for reporting, and the circumstances surrounding the reporting of such experience. It demonstrates that data on the experience of racism are very much a consequence of the process of research. A more reflexive approach to research is recommended. The type of questions posed, the way in which they are asked, the manner in which they are understood, the interpretation of answers provided, and the representation and writing up of interview data can all have significant impact on the way data are generated, interpreted, and understood. A more holistic and contextualized approach to data is required.
Differences in the indicators of depressive symptoms Among a community sample of African–American and Caucasian older adults
- Authors:
- MILLS Terry L., ALEA Nicole L., CHEONG Josepha A.
- Journal article citation:
- Community Mental Health Journal, 40(4), August 2004, pp.309-331.
- Publisher:
- Springer
Depression among older adults is a major public health concern in the U. S. Yet, time and again this condition goes undiagnosed, or attributed to other causes. Despite being treatable, few individuals older than age 65 are treated for this disorder. Using a community sample of 404 African–American and Caucasian older adults, the aim of this study was to identify the sources of racial group variance in self-reports of depressive symptoms. Descriptive and multivariate analyses reveal no racial/ethnic differences in the mean level of depressive symptoms, but differences in the correlates of self-reported depression, as well as differences in the distribution of individual indicators of depressive symptoms.