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Home care across Europe: current structure and future challenges
- Editors:
- GENET Nadine, ed.
- Publisher:
- World Health Organization
- Publication year:
- 2012
- Pagination:
- 156p.
- Place of publication:
- Copenhagen
Currently, for every person over the age of 65 in the European Union, there are four people of working age. But by 2050 there will only be two. Demand for long-term care, of which home care forms a significant part, will inevitably increase in the decades to come. Despite the importance of the issue, however, up-to-date and comparative information on home care in Europe is lacking. This report attempts to fill some of that gap by examining current European policy on home care services and strategies. It examines a wide range of topics including the links between social services and health-care systems, the prevailing funding mechanisms, how service providers are paid, the impact of governmental regulation, and the complex roles played by informal caregivers. Drawing on a set of Europe-wide case studies, the report provides comparable descriptive information on many aspects of the organisation, financing and provision of home care across the continent. The report is designed to help frame the coming debate about how best to serve elderly citizens as European populations age.
When injustice gets old: a systematic review of trans aging
- Authors:
- FINKENAUER Sabine, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 24(4), October 2012, pp.311-330.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
The aim of this systematic review is to promote greater understanding of how trans and gender-nonconforming people age. Fifteen databases (5 medical, 8 social science databases, and 2 grey literature) were searched. A total of 436 titles and abstracts were independently reviewed. Of these, 106 full-text articles were retrieved; 34 met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. The following 6 themes were identified and are discussed: the methodological challenges associated with conducting research with trans and gender nonconforming older adults; violence and abuse among trans and gender nonconforming older adults; discriminatory policies and practices in health and mental health care; the lack of appropriate HIV/AIDS education, prevention, and treatment strategies for trans and gender nonconforming older adults; obstacles in education, employment, government systems, and housing; and the lack of adequate social support networks. Gaps in the literature, recommendations for future research, and implications for policy and practice are also identified. The review underscores the need for education and advocacy with regard to the health and social care needs of trans and gender-nonconforming older adults.
An emerging typology of community aging initiatives
- Authors:
- LEHNING Amanda, SCHARLACH Andrew, WOLF Jennifer Price
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Community Practice, 20(3), 2012, pp.293-316.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philapelphia, USA
Although the majority of older people would like to remain in their own homes, many have to leave for nursing homes or other care facilities. In order to help older persons meet their long-term care needs and age in place, a growing number of initiatives have been implemented across the United States aiming to bring about comprehensive changes in community physical and social environments. The aim of this study was to develop a typology of community ageing initiatives and examine variations in these initiative types including the methods they use, roles of participants, funding sources, and challenges. Community ageing initiatives nationwide were identified through an online search and contact persons at these initiatives were invited to participate in an online survey. The final sample consisted of 124 community ageing initiatives. These initiatives were grouped into 5 categories: community-wide planning; consumer-driven support networks; cross-sector systems change initiatives; residence-based support services; and single-sector services. It is hoped that this emerging typology may serve as a useful organising framework from which to develop future evaluations of the effectiveness and sustainability of these initiatives.
Mapping the future of family care: receipt of informal care by older people with disabilities in England to 2032
- Authors:
- PICKARD Linda, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Social Policy and Society, 11(4), October 2012, pp.533-545.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Today, in many economically developed countries, long-term care systems are reliant on informal care. However, in the context of population ageing, there are concerns about the future supply of informal care. This article reports on projections of informal care receipt by older people with disabilities from spouses and adult children to 2032 in England. The current projections show that the relative numbers of older people with disabilities who have a child will fall by 2032, and that the extent of informal care in future may be lower than previously estimated. The policy implications for England are discussed.
Successful ageing and development: the contribution of generativity in older age
- Author:
- VILLAR Feliciano
- Journal article citation:
- Ageing and Society, 32(7), October 2012, pp.1087-1105.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
This article explores the contributions that generativity ("a concern for establishing and guiding the next generation") in older age may make to the concept of successful ageing. Two perspectives on successful ageing are described: successful ageing as a set of clinical criteria; and successful ageing as the application of adaptive processes aimed at achieving efficient functioning. After showing the limitations of the first perspective, particularly from a developmental point of view, the author argues that the adaptive version of successful ageing helps to put ageing into a developmental frame, but needs to be complemented by identifying specific content and goals that guide these adaptive processes and establish new feasible gains for older people. The author suggests that generativity in older age could play that role and provides a conceptual framework that enriches the concept of successful ageing.
Depression and frailty in later life: a synthetic review
- Authors:
- MEZUK Briana, et al
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(9), September 2012, pp.879-892.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Frailty is defined as a state or indication of being vulnerable to declining health in later life. Depression in later life is predictive of many of the same kinds of outcomes as frailty, including cognitive impairment, disability, fracture, and mortality. The aim of this review was to explore the conceptual and empirical interrelationships between depression and frailty among older adults. A literature search was conducted using PubMed for publications through to 2010. Reviewers assessed the eligibility of each report and abstracted information on study design, sample characteristics, and key findings. Of these abstracted articles, 39 met the inclusion criteria. The findings from both cross-sectional and cohort studies indicated that frailty, its components, and functional impairment are risk factors for depression. Although cross-sectional studies indicated a positive association between depression and frailty, findings from cohort studies were less consistent. The majority of studies included only women and non-Hispanic Whites. None used diagnostic measures of depression or considered antidepressant use in the design or analysis of the studies.
Older women and their representations of old age: a qualitative analysis
- Authors:
- QUÉNIART Anne, CHARPENTIER Michèle
- Journal article citation:
- Ageing and Society, 32(6), August 2012, pp.983-1007.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
This study examined the views of three generations of older women with different life stories (single, married, children and childless) in Quebec, Canada. Based on a qualitative analysis of 25 in-depth interviews conducted with three generations of older women, findings revealed their refusal to define themselves as ‘older or elderly women’, largely due to persistent stereotypes linking old age to dependency, social isolation and fragility. Aware of the social prejudice regarding women and old age, they reject it unanimously. Older women represent a challenge to these homogenising preconceptions of old age, which they, on the contrary, experience in a multitude of ways, often enjoyable. Their conceptions of ageing well are diverse and do not correspond to a clinical definition of ageing. Their representations of ageing well and of ageing expressed the values of physical and intellectual health, and being socially active so they could continue in the continuum of their lives and future projects, rather breaking with contemporary life or existing on the margins of society.
Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender aging: challenges in research, practice and policy
- Authors:
- WITTEN Tarynn M., EYLER A. Evan
- Publisher:
- Johns Hopkins University Press
- Publication year:
- 2012
- Pagination:
- 360p.
- Place of publication:
- Baltimore, MD
Writing from a US perspective, the editors examine the way in which the greying of the population brings into focus sexual and gender minorities and address the challenges of aging in the gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and intersex populations. An introductory overview compares caregiving in GLBT and normative aging communities and considers what is currently known about aging GLBT individuals and what services are needed to support them. Experts in their field contribute chapters on each alternative sexuality and gender identity community. They discuss biomedical, psychological, social/sexual, spiritual, socioeconomic, and service topics related to that community's aging needs. Despite GLBT populations facing unique challenges as they age, many individuals live out their final years with dignity and grace. The book covers the latest biological and social science research, includes case studies and first-person accounts, offers practical advice for health professionals, and provides research literature citations. It is aimed at students and professionals in gerontology, medicine, social work, psychology, nursing, public health, and related fields who wish to learn more about the life experiences and concerns of sexual and gender-minority-identified older patients.
Promising practices useful in the design of an intergenerational program: ten assertions guiding program development
- Authors:
- BISHOP Jeffery D., MOXLEY David P.
- Journal article citation:
- Social Work in Mental Health, 10(3), 2012, pp.183-204.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
In the United States, practice in the field of aging is focusing on ‘ageing in place’, which itself incorporates a framework of positive aging, and can involve the community support of elders as ways to increase their quality of life and functioning. Undertaking qualitative developmental research for the purposes of designing a prototype intergenerational programme, this paper offers 10 assertions concerning promising practices. The authors undertook an analysis of 47 Web-based portrayals of intergenerational programmes and used Web-based documents that described those programmes to further illuminate promising practices. Using thematic analysis of program Web content, affinity coding, and dialogic interpretation the authors illuminated the programmes' salient properties and qualities, and formulated and refined their assertions about the distinctiveness of intergenerational programmes.
Care regimes on the move: comparing home care for dependent older people in Belgium, England, Germany and Italy
- Authors:
- DEGAVRE Florence, et al
- Publisher:
- Universite Catholique de Louvan. Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche Travail, Etat et Societe
- Publication year:
- 2012
- Pagination:
- 290p.
- Place of publication:
- Charleroi
Taking the reforms of the 1990s as its starting point, this report examines the dynamics of change experienced by Belgium, England, Germany and Italy in their home care sectors. Central to our analysis is the process of “marketisation”. This constitutes one of the major trends in all these four countries, yet its nature and impact show important national variations. The data referred to in this report relate to developments in and around various home care sectors, and cover both societal and organisational dynamics. Country-based research teams gathered the information, each team following identical methodological guidelines. This report uses official documents and grey literature from the care sector to analyse the discourses underpinning reforms in the field. The conclusions of this research will be of relevance for any country or region struggling to design a home care system for an ageing population. The coordinators of this research project have submitted a proposal for a special issue of Ageing and Society based on the main chapters of this report.