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World Alzheimer report 2011: the benefits of early diagnosis and intervention: executive summary
- Authors:
- PRINCE Martin, BRYCE Renata, FERRI Cleusa
- Publisher:
- Alzheimer's Disease International
- Publication year:
- 2011
- Pagination:
- 32p.
- Place of publication:
- London
This report shows that there are interventions that are effective in the early stages of dementia, some of which may be more effective when started earlier, and that there is a strong economic argument in favour of earlier diagnosis and timely intervention. Based on a quantitative research review, key finding suggest that dementia diagnosis provides access to a pathway of evidence-based treatment, care and support across the disease course. The impact of a dementia diagnosis depends greatly upon how it is made and imparted. Earlier diagnosis allows people with dementia to plan ahead while they still have the capacity to make important decisions about their future care. In addition, they and their families can receive timely practical information, advice and support. Only through receiving a diagnosis can they get access to available drug and non-drug therapies that may improve their cognition and enhance their quality of life. And, they can, if they choose, participate in research for the benefit of future generations. Finally, Available evidence suggests that governments should ‘spend to save’ – in other words, invest now to save in the future. Economic models suggest that the costs associated with an earlier dementia diagnosis are more than offset by the cost savings from the benefits of anti-dementia drugs and caregiver interventions.
World Alzheimer report 2011: the benefits of early diagnosis and intervention
- Authors:
- PRINCE Martin, BRYCE Renata, FERRI Cleusa
- Publisher:
- Alzheimer's Disease International
- Publication year:
- 2011
- Pagination:
- 68p.
- Place of publication:
- London
This report shows that there are interventions that are effective in the early stages of dementia, some of which may be more effective when started earlier, and that there is a strong economic argument in favour of earlier diagnosis and timely intervention. Based on a quantitative research review, key finding suggest that dementia diagnosis provides access to a pathway of evidence-based treatment, care and support across the disease course. The impact of a dementia diagnosis depends greatly upon how it is made and imparted. Earlier diagnosis allows people with dementia to plan ahead while they still have the capacity to make important decisions about their future care. In addition, they and their families can receive timely practical information, advice and support. Only through receiving a diagnosis can they get access to available drug and non-drug therapies that may improve their cognition and enhance their quality of life. And, they can, if they choose, participate in research for the benefit of future generations. Finally, Available evidence suggests that governments should ‘spend to save’ – in other words, invest now to save in the future. Economic models suggest that the costs associated with an earlier dementia diagnosis are more than offset by the cost savings from the benefits of anti-dementia drugs and caregiver interventions.
World Alzheimer Report 2015: the global impact of dementia: an analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends
- Authors:
- PRINCE Martin, et al
- Publisher:
- Alzheimer's Disease International
- Publication year:
- 2015
- Pagination:
- 82
- Place of publication:
- London
This report updates previous estimates of the global prevalence, incidence and costs of dementia, based on systematic reviews. The report also includes a review of the evidence for and against trends in the prevalence and incidence of dementia. There are almost 900 million people aged 60 years and over living worldwide and rising life expectancy is contributing to rapid increases in numbers, and is associated with increased prevalence of chronic diseases like dementia. The report estimates that 46.8 million people worldwide are living with dementia in 2015. This number will almost double every 20 years, reaching 74.7 million in 2030 and 131.5 million in 2050. For 2015, the report estimates over 9.9 million new cases of dementia each year worldwide, implying one new case every 3.2 seconds. The global costs of dementia have increased from US$ 604 billion in 2010 to US$ 818 billion in 2015, an increase of 35.4 per cent. Direct medical care costs account for roughly 20 per cent of global dementia costs, while direct social sector costs and informal care costs each account for roughly 40 per cent. The report includes a set of recommendations, including; that dementia risk reduction should be an explicit priority in work led by the World Health Organization, with clear linked actions including targets and indicators; that research investment for dementia should be scaled up, proportionate to the societal cost of the disease; and that this investment should be balanced between prevention, treatment, care and cure. (Edited publisher abstract)
World Alzheimer report 2010: the global economic impact of dementia
- Authors:
- WIMO Anders, PRINCE Martin
- Publisher:
- Alzheimer's Disease International
- Publication year:
- 2010
- Pagination:
- 52p.
- Place of publication:
- London
This report provides the clearest, most comprehensive global picture yet of the economic impact of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. The report includes an estimate of the worldwide cost of dementia, including direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs and costs of informal (family) care. It puts the figure at US$604 billion in 2010. These costs account for around 1% of the world’s gross domestic product. The estimates are broken down by world region and include analysis of the differences between low and high income countries. The report also contains important policy recommendations and makes clear to key decision-makers that doing nothing is not an option. The report calls on governments to develop policies and plans for long-term care that anticipate and address social and demographic trends and have an explicit focus on supporting family caregivers and ensuring social protection of vulnerable people with dementia.
World Alzheimer report 2010: the global economic impact of dementia: executive summary
- Authors:
- WIMO Anders, PRINCE Martin
- Publisher:
- Alzheimer's Disease International
- Publication year:
- 2010
- Pagination:
- 9p.
- Place of publication:
- London
This executive summary report provides a global picture of the economic impact of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. It includes an estimate of the worldwide cost of dementia, covering direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs and costs of informal (family) care. It puts the figure at US$604 billion in 2010. These costs account for around 1% of the world’s gross domestic product. The estimates are broken down by world region and include analysis of the differences between low and high income countries. The report also contains important policy recommendations and makes clear to key decision-makers that doing nothing is not an option. It calls on governments to develop policies and plans for long-term care that anticipate and address social and demographic trends and have an explicit focus on supporting family caregivers and ensuring social protection of vulnerable people with dementia.
World Alzheimer report 2013: journey of caring: an analysis of long term care for dementia
- Authors:
- PRINCE Martin, et al
- Publisher:
- Alzheimer's Disease International
- Publication year:
- 2013
- Pagination:
- 92
- Place of publication:
- London
This report considers the prevalance of, and the contribution of dementia to dependence; long-term care services and the journey of care for people with dementia; quality of care and how it can be improved; and financing long-term care for dementia. The authors have identified four domains within which specific actions could lead to improvements in the quality of care for people with dementia: measuring and monitoring the quality of care; promoting autonomy and choice; coordinating and integrating care for people with dementia; and valuing and developing the dementia care workforce. The authors also identify seven key strategies for making long-term care more affordable: bolstering social protection for all older people in low and middle income countries; generating a ‘second demographic dividend’; pooling risk; ensuring that long-term care schemes are ‘fully-funded’; rationing (targeting) of public spending on care; supporting and incentivising informal care by family carers; and having a national discussion. Evidence from some systematic reviews is summarised. The report reveals that, as the world population ages, the traditional system of “informal” care by family, friends, and community will require much greater support. It finds that globally, 13% of people aged 60 or over require long-term care. However, between 2010 and 2050, the total number of older people with care needs will nearly treble from 101 to 277 million. (Original abstract)
World Alzheimer report 2014: dementia and risk reduction: analysis of protective and modifiable factors
- Authors:
- PRINCE Martin, et al
- Publisher:
- Alzheimer's Disease International
- Publication year:
- 2014
- Pagination:
- 104
- Place of publication:
- London
A report on dementia prevention strategies and health promotion, examining the evidence for the existence of modifiable risk factors. It focuses upon sets of potentially preventable risks in four key domains: developmental, psychological and psychosocial, lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors. The report suggests that there is persuasive evidence that the dementia risk for populations can be modified through reduction in tobacco use and better control and detection for hypertension and diabetes, as well as cardiovascular risk factors. Based on the evidence, the report recommends that brain health promotion messages be integrated in public health promotion campaigns such as anti-tobacco or non-communicable disease (NCD) awareness campaigns, with the message that it’s never too late to make these changes. The report also finds that there is considerable potential for reduction in dementia incidence associated with global improvements in access to secondary and tertiary education and that there is consistent evidence from several studies for an inverse association between cognitive activity in later-life and dementia incidence. The report strongly suggests that dementia needs to be included on World Health Organisation (WHO) and national NCD planning. (Edited publisher abstract)
Effects of education and culture on the validity of the Geriatric Mental State and its AGECAT algorithm
- Authors:
- PRINCE Martin, et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 185(11), November 2004, pp.429-436.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
The Geriatric Mental State (GMS) is the most widely used psychiatric research assessment for older persons. Evidence for validity comes from the developed world. The aims was to assess the validity of GMS/AGECAT organicity and depression diagnoses in 26 centres in India, China, Latin America and Africa. The authors studied 2941 persons aged 60 years and over: 742 people with dementia and three groups free of dementia (697 with depression, 719 with high and 783 with low levels of education). Local clinicians diagnosed dementia (DSM–IV) and depression (Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score 18). For dementia diagnosis GMS/AGECAT performed well in many centres but educational bias was evident. Specificity was poor in India and sensitivity sub-optimal in Latin America. A predictive algorithm excluding certain orientation items but including interviewer judgements improved upon the AGECAT algorithm. For depression, sensitivity was high. The EURO–D depression scale, derived from GMS items using European data, has a similar factor structure in Latin America, India and, to a lesser extent, China. Valid, comprehensive mental status assessment across cultures seems achievable in principle.