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Is loneliness in later life a self-fulfilling prophecy?
- Authors:
- PIKHARTOVAA Jitka, BOWLING Ann, VICTOR Christina
- Journal article citation:
- Aging and Mental Health, 20(5), 2016, pp.543-549.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
Objectives: There are many stereotypes about ageing and later life. The authors looked at the association between expectations and stereotyping of loneliness in old age and actual self-reported loneliness status 8 years later in English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Method: Data from 4465 ELSA core members aged over 50 who responded to Waves 2 (2004) did not report loneliness in Wave 2, and responded to loneliness questions at least once between Waves 3 and 6 (2006–2012) were used in multivariable repeated measures logit regression analysis to estimate relationship between perceived stereotypes and expectation of loneliness in older age and actual loneliness reported within 8 years of follow-up. Results: Twenty-four per cent of respondents from the analytical sample agreed at Wave 2 that old age is time of loneliness and 33% expected to be lonely in old age. Loneliness was reported by 11.5% of respondents at Waves 3–6. Both stereotypes and expectation were significantly associated with later reported loneliness (OR 2.65 (95% CI 2.05–3.42) for stereotypes and 2.98 (95% CI 2.33–3.75) for expectations in age-sex adjusted analysis). Both variables significantly predicted future loneliness even when socio-demographic circumstances were taken into account and both variables were mutually adjusted although the effect was reduced (OR's 1.53 (95% CI 1.16–2.01) for stereotypes and 2.38 (95% CI 1.84–3.07) for expectations). Conclusions: Stereotypes and expectations related to loneliness in the old age were significantly associated with reported loneliness 8 years later. Interventions aimed at changing age-related stereotypes in population may have more impact on reducing loneliness than individually based services.
Enhancing later life: how older people perceive active ageing?
- Author:
- BOWLING Ann
- Journal article citation:
- Aging and Mental Health, 12(3), May 2008, pp.293-301.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
This article aimed to identify older people's perceptions of active ageing, and to compare them with the literature, and with older people's perceptions of successful ageing and quality of life. Face-to-face interview survey with 337 people aged 65+ living at home in Britain. The most common perceptions of active ageing were having/maintaining physical health and functioning (43%), leisure and social activities (34%), mental functioning and activity (18%) and social relationships and contacts (15%). A third rated themselves as ageing 'Very actively', and almost half as 'Fairly actively'. Independent predictors of positive self-rated active ageing were optimum health and quality of life. Main sub-themes of active ageing included exercising the body and mind in order to maintain health and functioning. People's views focussed on basic definitions such as social, physical and mental health and activity, probably reflecting the novelty of the concept to them, thereby excluding frail older people from active ageing. Comparisons with definitions of successful ageing and quality of life showed overlap, but the latter were portrayed as 'states of being'. This is consistent with models which propose quality of life as the end-point of active ageing.
Quality of life: measures and meanings in social care research
- Author:
- BOWLING Ann
- Publisher:
- NIHR School for Social Care Research
- Publication year:
- 2014
- Pagination:
- 27
- Place of publication:
- London
This review provides an overview of the measurement of quality of life (QoL) in social care, or social care-related QoL. Because the field is wide, this overview focuses on older people. Outcome can be complex to measure in social care, because several types of outcomes of both the user and any family carers may be relevant; these may also be affected by multiple factors. Measuring quality of life is one of several components for assessing the effectiveness of interventions. Maintaining people’s broader quality of life is also a potentially important outcome to consider ensuring that the person can ‘live well’ and that their care and support up until their death meets their needs. In reflection of the wider goals and provision of social care, compared to health care, client-based outcome measures need to be more multidimensional than narrower health-related or disease- related QoL measures reflecting the impact of circumstances and interventions on users’ wider lives. However, given overall lack of agreement on concepts or measures of social care and QoL outcomes, investigators have tended to use separate measures of social involvement and/or life satisfaction as indicators of QoL as well as measures of morale, health status, anxiety/depression, physical functioning, and needs. There has been a heavy emphasis on health status, physical and mental functioning. There are also several technical issues to consider when choosing and administering a measure of QoL. These are described but are not intended to be daunting to the researcher. Few measures satisfy all psychometric criteria perfectly. This overview is intended to be an informative summary of the main steps involved in selecting and testing a measurement scale. (Edited publisher abstract)
Attributes of age-identity
- Authors:
- BOWLING Ann, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Ageing and Society, 25(4), July 2005, pp.479-500.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Chronological age can be an unsatisfactory method of discriminating between older people. The lay concept of how old people actually feel may be more useful. The aim of the analyses reported in this paper was to investigate indicators of age-identity (or subjective age) among a national random sample of people aged 65 or more years living at home in Britain. Information was initially collected by home interview and a follow-up postal questionnaire 12–18 months later. The age that respondents felt was a more sensitive indicator than chronological age of many indicators of the respondents’ health, psychological and social characteristics. Multiple regression analysis showed that baseline health and functional status, and reported changes in these at follow-up, explained 20.4 per cent of the variance in self-perceived age. Adding baseline mental health (anxiety/depression), feelings and fears about ageing at follow-up explained a further 0.8 per cent of the variance, making the total variance explained 21.2 per cent. It is concluded that measures of physical health and functional status and their interactions influenced age-identity. Mental health status and psychological perceptions made a small but significant additional contribution.
Living well into old age: three studies of health and well-being among older people in East London and Essex
- Authors:
- BOWLING Ann, GRUNDY Emily, FARQUHAR Morag
- Publisher:
- Age Concern
- Publication year:
- 1997
- Pagination:
- 64p.,tables,diags.,bibliog.
- Place of publication:
- London
Report exploring the concept of 'successful ageing' and summarising the results of research conducted over a three year period with older people in Hackney and Braintree in Essex. Documents and analyses changes in physical and mental health, the ability to perform the tasks of daily living, and the use of social services and offers new evidence of the problems of old age, and the factors which can contribute to well-being.
Gender-specific and gender-sensitive associations with psychological health and morbidity in older age. Baseline findings from a British population survey of ageing
- Author:
- BOWLING Ann
- Journal article citation:
- Aging and Mental Health, 11(3), May 2007, pp.301-309.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
This study aimed to examine gender-specific and gender-sensitive factors associated with psychological health and morbidity. The study used a face-to-face home interview survey of random sample of 999 people aged 65 and over living in Britain. A fifth of respondents had symptoms of psychological morbidity. Men with high self-efficacy had over six times the odds of men with lower levels, of scoring as a non-case with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Women with excellent to good health status had over five times the odds of those in worse health of scoring as a non-case. Self-efficacy and mobility were the strongest independent predictive variables of GHQ score among men; health status and subjective QoL were the strongest, independent predictors among women. Discussion: This paper is unique in examining in detail the independent, gender-specific and gender-sensitive predictors of psychological morbidity in a national random sample of older adults. Optimism, self-efficacy, quality of life and mobility were gender-specific predictors, and health status was a gender-sensitive predictor of psychological morbidity. These differences suggest that interventions aiming to improve the mental health outcomes of older people need to be guided by evidence on risk factors by gender.
Ageing well: quality of life in old age
- Author:
- BOWLING Ann
- Publisher:
- Open University Press
- Publication year:
- 2005
- Pagination:
- 273p., bibliog.
- Place of publication:
- Maidenhead
This book explores concepts of quality of life in older age in the theoretical literature and presents the views of a national sample of people aged sixty- five years or older. It offers a broad overview of the quality of life experienced by older people in Britain using a number of wide ranging indicators, including: health hobbies and interests; home and neighbourhood; income independence; psychological wellbeing; and social and family relationships.
Outcome of anxiety and depression at two and a half years after baseline interview: associations with changes in psychiatric morbidity among three samples of elderly people living at home
- Authors:
- BOWLING Ann, FARQUHAR Morag, GRUDY Emily
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11(2), February 1996, pp.119-129.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Examines psychiatric morbidity, using the General Health Questionnaire, which detects mainly anxiety and depression. The results of the follow-up data show that the most significant predictor of changes in psychiatric morbidity at follow-up was baseline psychiatric status, followed by health status. The strength of the study is its longitudinal design and verification of the results in three samples of elderly people, including one very elderly group. The lack of consistent associations with recovery from psychiatric morbidity (eg depression) in the literature enhances the importance of studies which aim to identify factors associated with different outcomes.
Psychiatric morbidity and service use among elderly people
- Authors:
- BOWLING Ann, FARQUHAR Morag
- Journal article citation:
- Ageing and Society, 11(3), September 1991, pp.275-297.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Results from three surveys of elderly people living in London and Essex are presented in relation to their use of health and social services. Level of functional ability and age were stronger predictors of use than psychiatric morbidity.