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Children and young people in mind: the final report of the national CAMHS review
- Author:
- GREAT BRITAIN. Department of Health
- Publisher:
- Great Britain. Department of Health
- Publication year:
- 2008
- Pagination:
- 117p.
- Place of publication:
- London
The independent CAMHS Review was commissioned to look at how mainstream and universal settings are meeting the educational, care and support of children and young people at risk of and experiencing emerging emotional, behavioural, psychological and mental health problems. The Review has looked at how CAMHS are meeting the needs of some of the most vulnerable children, with complex and challenging needs to ensure that they are delivered in a more integrated way. It has considered how we can deliver better outcomes for children with mental health problems and identified practical solutions to how those delivering, managing and commissioning services can address the challenges they face
The effects of early sexual abuse on adult risky sexual behaviors among persons with severe mental illness
- Authors:
- VAN DORN Richard A., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 29(11), November 2005, pp.1265-1279.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
There were two aims: first, to examine the relationship between prior sexual abuse and three types of adult risky sexual behaviours [(1) ever traded sex for drugs or money, (2) had unprotected sex in the past 6 months, and (3) frequency of unprotected sex in the past 6 months among persons with severe mental illness (SMI), and second, to examine the potential mediating effects of adult rape, substance use, and PTSD. Using a pooled sample of individuals with SMI (N = 609), logistic and negative binomial regression analyses were used to investigate the impact of prior sexual abuse on these adult risky sexual behaviours. Childhood sexual abuse was associated with having ever traded sex for money and having engaged in unprotected sex in the past 6 months. However, childhood sexual abuse was inversely associated with the number of times males had unprotected sex in the past 6 months. Results differed between males and females and the impact of potential mediators also varied by gender and type of outcome studied. These findings suggest a complex link between childhood sexual abuse and adult risky sexual behaviours in persons with SMI. Clinical assessments of child abuse sequelae should include a variety of indicators and parameters of adult risky sexual behavior, as persons with SMI are at an increased risk of engaging in high-risk sexual behaviors and tend to have a higher exposure to childhood sexual abuse than does the general population.
Addressing risk behaviors, service needs, and mental health issues in programs for young fathers
- Authors:
- WEINMAN Maxine L., BUZI Ruth S., SMITH Peggy B.
- Journal article citation:
- Families in Society, 86(2), April 2005, pp.261-266.
- Publisher:
- The Alliance for Children and Families
One hundred and forty three young fathers ages 16–33 participated in an assessment of risk behaviors, service needs, and mental health issues upon entering a fatherhood program in the USA. Almost 70% were unemployed, 39% were school dropouts, 47% used alcohol, 40% had problems with the law, and 42% had been in jail. The most frequently reported mental health issues were problems related to relationships, neighborhood, family, tobacco use, police, and being a parent. Fathers also identified feeling states of anger, sadness/depression, nervousness/tension, helplessness, and aggression. Although risk behaviors and mental health issues were identified, fathers did not request services to address them; rather, their most frequently requested service needs were related to jobs and vocational training. The article suggests that an assessment of mental health issues that focuses on a strengths perspective might yield a better evaluation of both mental health issues and service needs. The article addresses ways that program planners could enhance realistic participation.
Psychiatric patients and HIV infection: a new population risk?
- Authors:
- STEFAN Martin D., CATALAN Jose
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, December 1995, pp.721-727.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Assess the evidence that psychiatric patients are at increased risk of infection with HIV and discusses some of the clinical implications. Surveys of HIV seroprevalence and risk behaviours among psychiatric patients were obtained from a manual and computer search. Most studies report an increased prevalence of HIV infection among psychiatric patients compared to the general population. Risk behaviours, and obstacles to risk reduction, are identified. Concludes that there is a strong case for investigating the seroprevalence of HIV in psychiatric settings in the UK. Issues relating to HIV and AID are likely to assume increasing importance in general psychiatric practice.
Exploring gender and sexual minority status among street-involved youth
- Authors:
- FREDERICK Tyler J., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 6(2), June 2011, pp.166-183.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
Young people on the streets experience a wide range of risks. This study examined both heterosexual and sexual minority street-involved young people across a number of sociodemographic, risk and current mental health, victimisation and delinquency measures with a focus on gender differences. Participants included 147 homeless and street-involved young men and women, aged 16 to 21 years, in Toronto, Canada. Findings indicated that many of the differences between the heterosexual and sexual minority youth were driven by differences among the young women. Analyses were then used to test for interactions between gender and sexual minority status alongside controls. The results suggest that gender, sexuality and street involvement interconnect to affect outcomes in more complex ways than are acknowledged by the notion of accumulating or multiplying disadvantage common in the literature. In conclusion, the authors discuss methods for gaining a better understanding of homeless young people with a focus on gender and sexuality.
A meta-analysis of culturally sensitive interventions designed to reduce high-risk behaviors among African American youth
- Authors:
- JACKSON Kelly F., HODGE David R., VAUGHN Michael G.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Social Service Research, 36(3), May 2010, pp.163-173.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
African American youths are vulnerable to chronic stressors associated with poverty and disenfranchisement, which can lead to numerous health and mental health related problems. These youths are specifically susceptible to HIV infection, obesity, incarceration, and abuse and neglect leading to foster care placement. This study sought to determine the effectiveness of culturally sensitive interventions in reducing this high-risk behaviour with African American youths. A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effectiveness of culturally sensitive interventions across 7 previous studies. Findings indicate that youths who participated in culturally sensitive interventions were less likely to engage in these high-risk behaviours than those who did not participate, although the effect size was moderate. The authors suggest that, although the findings should be considered tentative, the results provide an initial quantitative assessment of culturally sensitive intervention effectiveness.
Associations between stroke risk and cognition in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease with and without depression
- Authors:
- BANGEN Katherine J., et al
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(2), February 2010, pp.175-182.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
The development of age-related cognitive decline, vascular cognitive impairment, and, more recently, Alzheimer's disease (AD), have all recently been attributed to stroke risk factors. Also, depression and the apolipoprotein 4 allele have been reported to influence the association between stroke risk and cognition. However, few studies have described the relations among stroke risk, cognition, and apolipoprotein genotype in AD, and the few findings have been ambiguous. This study of 30 cognitively normal older adults, 30 AD patients with depression, and 30 AD patients without depression were given a comprehensive neuropsychological battery designed to measure several domains including memory, attention, language, visuospatial skills, executive functions, and speed of information processing. The Framingham Stroke Risk Profile, a scale that was developed to predict 10-year probability of stroke, was used to quantify stroke risk burden. Results indicate that AD patients with depression demonstrate greater stroke risk burden relative to the cognitively normal group and, across all participants, increased stroke risk was associated with poorer performance on memory and processing speed measures. Also, stroke risk accurately predicted AD diagnosis. However, there were no differences in stroke risk or cognitive performance between the AD participants with depression and those without depression. Given that many markers of stroke risk are modifiable or treatable, the authors suggest their findings have implications for assessment, prevention, and treatment of cognitive decline.
Correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder in male and female community clients
- Authors:
- O'HARE Thomas, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Social Work in Mental Health, 7(4), 2009, pp.340-352.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
The aim of this study of community clients was to explore their subjective distress associated with traumatic events, criminal conduct, and risky behaviours, and test how well these factors along with drinking context and gender predict post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis and specific subcategories of PTSD symptoms. The study involved a survey and interview with 354 adult clients in a community support programme of a mental health centre in New England. The findings showed that subjective distress predicted PTSD diagnosis, and the authors highlight the need to examine closely the alcohol use patterns of all community clients and its association with traumatic events, risky behaviours and PTSD symptoms, with special attention to be paid to motivational factors associated with drinking specifically to cope with distressing emotional states, particularly in women.
Gender differences in risk factors for suicide in Denmark
- Authors:
- QIN Ping, et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, December 2000, pp.546-550.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Gender is one of the most frequently replicated predictors for suicide. This Danish study aims to identify risk factors for suicide among males and females and to investigate whether risk factors for suicide differ by gender. A history of hospitalised mental illness was the most marked risk factor for suicide for both genders. Unemployment, retirement, being single and sickness absence were significant risk factors for men, whereas having a child 2 years old was significantly protective for women. The relative risks for suicide differed significantly between genders according to psychiatric admission status and being the parent of a child 2 years. However, adjustment for these factors did not eliminate the gender difference in suicide risk.
Does fathers’ and mothers’ rumination predict emotional symptoms in their children?
- Authors:
- PSYCHOGIOU Lamprini, et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(4), 2017, pp.431-442.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Objectives: Although rumination can have a negative influence on the family environment and the quality of parent–child interactions, there is little research on the role of parental rumination in predicting adverse child outcomes over time. This longitudinal study examined whether mothers’ and fathers’ brooding rumination would each uniquely predict emotional symptoms in preschool children. Methods: The initial sample consisted of 160 families (including 50 mothers with past depression, 33 fathers with past depression, and 7 fathers with current depression according to the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-IV). Families were seen at two times separated by 16 months. Children's mean age at the entry into the study was 3.9 years (SD = 0.8). Each parent independently completed the Ruminative Response Scale, the Child Behavior Checklist, the Patient Health Questionnaire, and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Results: Fathers’ brooding rumination significantly predicted children's emotional symptoms over 16 months when controlling for child emotional symptoms, couple adjustment, parents’ depressive symptoms, mothers’ brooding and reflective rumination, and fathers’ reflective rumination at baseline. Unexpectedly, mothers’ brooding rumination did not significantly predict child emotional symptoms over time. Correlational analyses showed significant associations between parents’ rumination and lower levels of couple adjustment. Conclusions: Findings suggest that fathers’ brooding rumination may play a unique role in their children's emotional outcomes. If these findings are replicated, studies should examine the processes by which these links occur and their implications for clinical interventions. Practitioner points: 1) Rumination is prevalent among individuals with depression, but to date no studies have examined the possible role of mothers’ and fathers’ brooding rumination in predicting children's emotional symptoms; 2) Fathers’ brooding rumination was positively associated with children's emotional symptoms over time when controlling for mothers’ rumination and other important characteristics; 3) Parental rumination might be a promising target for both prevention and intervention strategies for parents with depression and their children; 4) The findings of this study could inform parenting interventions (e.g., educate parents about the possible effects of rumination on family interactions and children's outcomes, help parents notice when they ruminate, teach them to replace rumination with more adaptive strategies); 5) The findings should be interpreted with caution. The study relied on self-reports, and therefore, the data are subject to shared method variance which may have artificially inflated associations between parent and child outcomes; 6) The sample consisted of well-educated parents, and therefore, the findings should be generalised to other populations with caution. (Publisher abstract)