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The power threat meaning framework: overview
- Authors:
- JOHNSTONE Louise, BOYLE Mary
- Publisher:
- British Psychological Society
- Publication year:
- 2018
- Pagination:
- 139
- Place of publication:
- Leicester
This overview outlines the main principles and scope of the Power Threat Meaning (PTM) Framework and summarises the evidence from which the Framework emerged. The PTM Framework provides an over-arching structure for identifying patterns in emotional distress, unusual experiences and troubling behaviour, as an alternative to psychiatric diagnosis and classification. The Framework comprises four interrelated aspects: the role of various kinds of power in people’s lives, the kind of threat that power may pose to a person or group, how meaning shapes the expression of threat, and the ways people have learnt to respond to those threats. The overview report also includes guidelines on how the PTM Framework might be used in service, peer support or self-help settings and appendices which illustrate some of the ways in which non-diagnostic practice has already been successfully adopted both within and beyond services. (Edited publisher abstract)
The Power Threat Meaning Framework: towards the identification of patterns in emotional distress, unusual experiences and troubled or troubling behaviour, as an alternative to functional psychiatric diagnosis
- Authors:
- JOHNSTONE Lucy, BOYLE Mary
- Publisher:
- British Psychological Society
- Publication year:
- 2018
- Pagination:
- 414
- Place of publication:
- Leicester
This report describes the Power Threat Meaning Framework, which provides an over-arching structure for identifying patterns in emotional distress, unusual experiences and troubling behaviour, as an alternative to psychiatric diagnosis and classification. The Framework summarises evidence about the role of various kinds of power in people’s lives, the kinds of threat that misuse of power poses, and the ways people have learnt to respond to those threats or ‘symptoms’. It looks at how to make sense of these difficult experiences and how messages from wider society can increase feelings of shame, self-blame, isolation, fear and guilt. The report also outlines the context, principles, research and practice from which the Power Threat Meaning Framework emerged. The approach is summarised in four questions that can apply to individuals, families or social groups: What has happened to you? (How is power operating in your life?); How did it affect you? (What kind of threats does this pose?); What sense did you make of it? (What is the meaning of these situations and experiences to you?); and What did you have to do to survive? (What kinds of threat response are you using?). Two further questions look at the skills and resources people might have and how they might pull all these ideas and responses together into a personal narrative or story: What are your strengths? (What access to Power resources do you have?) and What is your story? (How does all this fit together?). (Edited publisher abstract)
An open trial of exposure therapy based on deconditioning for post-traumatic stress disorder
- Authors:
- THOMPSON J.A., et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34(3), September 1995, pp.407-416.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Twenty-three patients who had experienced a major stressful event were given a debriefing session followed by eight weekly sessions of imaginal exposure and in vivo exposure. Patients recounted their traumatic experiences aloud, using the first person and the present tense, and included as much detail as possible. This account was audiotaped and patients were asked to listen to the tape between treatment sessions. The number of patients who satisfied the diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder was halved.
The psychological impact of the Israel–Hezbollah war on Jews and Arabs in Israel: the impact of risk and resilience factors
- Authors:
- PALMERI Patrick A., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Social Science and Medicine, 67(8), October 2008, pp.1208-1216.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Although there is abundant evidence that mass traumas are associated with adverse mental health consequences, few studies have used nationally representative samples to examine the impact of war on civilians, and none have examined the impact of the Israel–Hezbollah War, which involved unprecedented levels of civilian trauma exposure from July 12 to August 14, 2006. The aims of this study were to document probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), determined by the PTSD Symptom Scale and self-reported functional impairment, in Jewish and Arab residents of Israel immediately after the Israel–Hezbollah War and to assess potential risk and resilience factors. A telephone survey was conducted August 15–October 5, 2006, following the cessation of rocket attacks. Stratified random sampling methods yielded a nationally representative population sample of 1200 adult Israeli residents. The rate of probable PTSD was 7.2%. Higher risk of probable PTSD was associated with being a woman, recent trauma exposure, economic loss, and higher psychosocial resource loss. Lower risk of probable PTSD was associated with higher education. The results suggest that economic and psychosocial resource loss, in addition to trauma exposure, have an impact on post-trauma functioning. Thus, interventions that bolster these resources might prove effective in alleviating civilian psychopathology during war.
Resistance: a ritual abuse survivor speaks out
- Author:
- SMITH Mary
- Publisher:
- SAFE
- Publication year:
- 2003
- Pagination:
- 79p.
- Place of publication:
- Salisbury
The author describes how she recovered memories of ritual abuse and realized that she suffered from depression through dream interpretation during therapy three years ago. She is now in her 50s and is firmly convinced that her parents and extended family had "practised gang-rape, torture, often with electric shocks, murder, mutilation." She claims that at the age of 14, she was held with other girls in underground dungeons. When they became pregnant and gave birth, their babies were taken away and they were forced to act in pornographic movies.
Social adversity and mental functions in adolescents at high risk of psychopathology
- Authors:
- GOODYER Ian M., et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 181(11), November 2002, pp.383-386.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Social adversities are accepted as critical factors in the development of psychopathology in young people, but the precise mechanisms of this relationship are unknown. Evidence to date suggests there is no simple relationship between adverse life events and the subsequent emergence of psychopathology. The interplay of acute and chronic stressors over the lifespan with affective temperament; the interrelationship of 'sensitivity' and 'performance' cognitions in response to life events; and limbic-cortical neural networks are all indicated as important avenues of future research.
Medium-term course of disaster victims: a naturalistic follow-up
- Authors:
- DUGGAN C., GUNN J.
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, August 1995, pp.228-232.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Describes the medium-term course in a series of victims who had experienced severe trauma. Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression were the commonest diagnoses, occurring in 39% and 16% of the victims respectively when they were first assessed. Traumatised victims generally showed recovery in the 2-3 years after the trauma, but this was slow and was not universal.
Critical issues in mental health
- Editors:
- TUMMEY Robert, TURNER Tim, (eds.)
- Publisher:
- Palgrave Macmillan
- Publication year:
- 2008
- Pagination:
- 224p.
- Place of publication:
- Basingstoke
The editors draw together respected authors in the field of mental health, each focussing on a controversial issue that is often overlooked or ignored. They ask: Does the mental health system abuse service users? What makes the relationship between mental health and crime so problematic? and, Why is mental health care obsessed with risk? These alternative perspectives are designed to encourage readers to reflect on their own role; what they are doing, who they are doing it for, and what the implications are for service users. Topics discussed include: psychiatric diagnosis; socioeconomic disadvantage; institutional racism and cultural diversity; spirituality; sexuality; gender; the lifespan; iatrogenic abuse; psychological trauma; risk; crime; and media: reframing the debates.
Broken spirits: the treatment of traumatized asylum seekers, refugees, war and torture victims
- Editors:
- WILSON John P., DROZDEK Boris
- Publisher:
- Brunner-Routledge
- Publication year:
- 2004
- Pagination:
- 706p.,bibliogs.
- Place of publication:
- Hove
This volume explores the enormity of the issues surrounding the numerous mental health problems of the millions of refugees, asylum seekers and torture victims around the world. Psychiatrists and psychologists examine the lives of the 40 million people worldwide whose days are dominated by fear, shame, and guilt; and terrorized by nightmares, flashbacks, or unwanted memories of painful and life-threatening experiences. They look at theoretical, conceptual, and sociocultural considerations; traumatic injury to culture, self, and personality; guidelines for practitioners; nonverbal and experiential therapies; gender and developmental considerations; medical, surgical, and clinical issues; and legal, moral, and political issues.
Mental health services for war-affected children: report of a survey in Kosovo
- Authors:
- JONES Lynne, et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 183(12), December 2003, pp.540-546.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
In war-affected societies it is assumed that the major mental health problem facing the population will be stress reactions. The aim was to describe the creation of a child and adolescent mental health service (CAMHS) in Kosovo after the military conflict ended in 1999, and to establish the range of problems and diagnoses that presented. Data were collected on 559 patients over 2 years, including their referring problems and diagnoses. Stress-related disorders constituted only a fifth of the case-load in year 1. A substantial number of patients were symptom-free but attended because they had been exposed to a traumatic event, and believed it might make them ill. Non-organic enuresis and learning disability were the most common diagnoses in year 2. Many patients had a complex mix of social and psychological difficulties that did not fit conventional diagnostic categories. Mental health services that only address traumatic stress may fail to meet the needs of war-affected children. A comprehensive, culturally appropriate CAMHS is needed to address a wide range of problems including learning disability. It should be developed through local actors, and build on existing local infrastructure. Services can also have an educational role in 'depathologising' normative responses.