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A semi-structured interview to assess visual hallucinations in older people
- Authors:
- MOSIMANN Urs Peter, et al
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23(7), July 2008, pp.712-718.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Visual hallucinations are under-reported by patients and are often undiscovered by health professionals. There is no gold standard available to assess hallucinations. The authors' objective was to develop a reliable, valid semi-structured interview for identifying and assessing visual hallucinations in older people with eye disease and cognitive impairment. They piloted the North-East Visual Hallucinations Interview (NEVHI) in 80 older people with visual and/or cognitive impairment (patient group) and 34 older people without known risks of hallucinations (control group). The informants of 11 patients were interviewed separately. They established face validity, content validity, criterion validity, inter-rater agreement and the internal consistency of the NEVHI and assessed the factor structure for questions evaluating emotions, cognitions, and behaviours associated with hallucinations. Recurrent visual hallucinations were common in the patient group (68.8%) and absent in controls (0%). The criterion, face and content validities were good and the internal consistency of screening questions for hallucinations was high (Cronbach alpha: 0.71). The inter-rater agreements for simple and complex hallucinations were good (Kappa 0.72 and 0.83, respectively). Four factors associated with experiencing hallucinations (perceived control, pleasantness, distress and awareness) were identified and explained a total variance of 73%. Informants gave more don't know answers than patients throughout the interview, especially to questions evaluating cognitions and emotions associated with hallucinations. It was concluded that NEVHI is a comprehensive assessment tool, helpful to identify the presence of visual hallucinations and to quantify cognitions, emotions and behaviours associated with hallucinations.
Risky business?
- Author:
- NEUBERGER Julia
- Journal article citation:
- Community Care, 7.04.05, 2005, pp.36-37.
- Publisher:
- Reed Business Information
The author argues that social care professionals are erring on the side of caution with risk assessments as we live in an increasingly fear-driven system; particularly in the case of mental health workers. Highlights the problem and the effect it may have on older people's services as demographics change.
Confusional State Evaluation (CSE): an instrument for measuring severity of delirium in the elderly
- Authors:
- ROBERTSSON B., et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, June 1997, pp.565-570.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Presents the results of a study which aimed to construct a reliable and valid instrument for measuring delirium or confusional state in older people. Results of the study found that the CSE instrument was a useful and reliable measurement which can be used to follow the course of confusion.
The assessment of pain in older people: UK national guidelines
- Author:
- SCHOFIELD Pat
- Journal article citation:
- Age and Ageing, 47(suppl 1), 2018, p.i1–i22.
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
This guidance highlights the problems in assessing and managing pain in an ever increasing older population. This brings an anticipated increase in the prevalence of chronic pain and with this comes the challenge of assessment of pain in many varied settings. The first iteration of this guideline was published in 2007. But there has been a proliferation of literature and research since then, so this is a a revised set of guidelines based on a systematic review to examine the evidence for the effectiveness of pain assessment strategies in older people with or without cognitive function. The objectives of the review included: exploring the attitudes and beliefs of older people with pain about the assessment of their pain and interactions with carers; evaluating the effectiveness of the assessment of function as a measure of pain in older people; evaluating the effectiveness of self-assessment to quantify pain in older people and determining if changes in pain assessment strategy are required for people with cognitive impairment, mental health or psychological problems. These guidelines provide a range of tools which demonstrate good validity and reliability for clinical practice in assessing pain in older people. (Original abstract)
The assessment of pain in older people
- Authors:
- ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS, BRITISH GERIATRICS SOCIETY, BRITISH PAIN SOCIETY
- Publisher:
- Royal College of Physicians
- Publication year:
- 2007
- Pagination:
- 13p.
- Place of publication:
- London
Pain is under-recognised and under-treated in older people, and the assessment of pain is particularly challenging in the presence of severe cognitive impairments, communication difficulties or language and cultural barriers. This guidance sets out the key components of assessing pain in older people, together with a range of practical scales that can be used with different groups, including those with cognitive or communication impairment. It aims to provide professionals with a set of practical skills to assess pain as the first step towards its effective management. It describes the background and methodology used, key components of an assessment of pain, and types of scale used to assess pain. It also provides a summary of recommendations in the full guidelines covering: pain awareness, pain enquiry, pain description, pain location and intensity, communication, assessment in people with impaired cognition/communication, cause of pain, and re-evaluation. It notes that the basic guidelines should be a routine part of the training and care provision of all healthcare professionals. The appendices include the guideline development process, an algorithm for the assessment of pain in older people, a pain map, and examples of pain scales.
An introduction to the mental health of older people: services for older people with mental health problems
- Authors:
- SOCIAL CARE INSTITUTE FOR EXCELLENCE, MILNE Alisoun, GEARING Brian, WARNER Joanne
- Publisher:
- Social Care Institute for Excellence
- Publication year:
- 2007
- Place of publication:
- London
**This learning resource was removed in March 2023.** In this learning object you will have an opportunity to learn about the principal services available for older people at the primary, mainstream, secondary/specialist and tertiary levels by travelling down a virtual ‘care pathway’. Along the way you will have the chance to test you knowledge of relevant statistics and will examine cross cutting issues and assessment.
The Zarit Burden interview: a new short version and screening version
- Authors:
- BEDARD Michael, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Gerontologist, 41(5), October 2001, pp.652-657.
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
The purpose of the study was to develop a short and a screening version of the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) that would be suitable across diagnostic groups of cognitively impaired older adults, and that could be used for cross-sectional,longitudinal, and intervention studies. The authors used data from 413 care givers of cognitively impaired older adults referred to a memory clinic and collected information on caregiver burden with the 22-item ZBI, and information about dependence in activities of daily living (ADLs) and the frequency of problem behaviours among care recipients. We used factor analysis and item-total correlations to reduce the number of items while taking into consideration diagnosis and change scores. From this they produced a 12-item version (short) and a 4-item version (screening) of the ZBI. Correlations between the short and the full version ranged from 0.92 to 0.97, and from 0.83 to 0.93 for the screening version. Correlation between the three versions and ADL and problem behaviours were similar. We further investigated the behaviour of the short version with a two-way analysis of variance and found that it produced identical results to the full version. The short and screening versions of the ZBI produced results comparable to those of the full version. Reducing the number of item did not affect the properties of the ZBI, and it may lead to easier administration of the instrument.
Screening of dementia in community-dwelling elderly through informant report
- Authors:
- MORALES Jose-Manuel, et al
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12(8), August 1997, pp.808-816.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Screening tools for cognitive decline still have low accuracy for dementia, mainly in cases of mild dementia. All of them are affected by factors such as age, sex educational level, sensory deficits and several mental disorders. This study validates a Spanish version (S-IQCODE) of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (I-QCODE), a dementia screening questionnaire in Spanish population-based samples. The results obtained with the S-IQCODE show that it could possibly be applied in screening for dementia in community-dwelling elderly.
Hidden meanings
- Author:
- GEORGE Mike
- Journal article citation:
- Community Care, 6.2.97, 1997, pp.20-21.
- Publisher:
- Reed Business Information
Investigates the problem of recognising depression in older people.
Range of mental illness among the elderly in the community: prevalence in Liverpool using the GMS-AGECAT package
- Authors:
- COPELAND J.R.M., et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, June 1987, pp.815-823.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
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