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Patterns and predictors of changes in substance use in individuals with schizophrenia and affective disorders
- Authors:
- BENNETT Melanie E., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 8(1), January 2012, pp.2-12.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
Involving 240 participants recruited from outpatient mental health treatment centres who were assessed 5 times over 12 months, this US study looked at cocaine use in individuals with schizophrenia and affective disorders. It examined patterns of cocaine use over time, baseline predictors of continued cocaine use over one year, and predictors of transitions into and out of drug use and treatment. The article describes the participants, the measures used, data analysis and study results. Overall, the researchers found that rates and intensity of cocaine use did not change over the year, but a number of baseline variables were found to predict a decreased likelihood of cocaine use and transitions into and out of outpatient substance abuse treatment. They discuss the study results and report that the findings illustrate how drug use may show a cyclical pattern for those with serious mental illness, in which more severe use is followed by decreased use over time.
Open-ended and open-door treatment groups for young people with mental illness
- Authors:
- MILLER Rachel, MASON Susan E.
- Journal article citation:
- Social Work with Groups, 35(1), 2012, pp.50-67.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
Group treatment is generally framed as close ended, wherein no new members can be added, or open ended, a more flexible frame in which patients can be added over time. This article expands the open-ended group framework to discuss an open-ended and open-door (OEOD) approach to group treatment wherein members with severe mental illnesses, including schizophrenia disorders and bipolar, can join, leave, and re-enter groups as their life circumstances dictate their availability and willingness for treatment. Groupwork with the OEOD format is illustrated with examples taken from a group of 79 participants diagnosed with first-episode schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorders, 40 of whom had co-occurring substance abuse. Of the 79 participants in the OEOD group programme, 70 (89%) remained in treatment for the maximum of 3 years. The overall value of group treatment for this population is reviewed along with the small number of available publications on open-ended and open-door type groups. The article illustrates multiple benefits to the OEOD model, including the provision of continuity of care, peer support, and increased patient retention.
An exploratory investigation of co-occurring substance-related and psychiatric disorders
- Authors:
- FABRICIUS V., LANGA M., WILSON K.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Substance Use, 13(2), April 2008, pp.99-114.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
This exploratory, quantitative study investigated the prevalence rate of patients with co-occurring substance-related and psychiatric disorders (CODs) at a private rehabilitation centre in Johannesburg, South Africa. Details of the case histories of the clients were collected, coded and analysed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS). The results indicated that 57.1% of 419 clients had one or more co-occurring psychiatric disorder, along with a substance-related disorder. Of the 239 with a COD, 155 had a mood disorder, 40 had an anxiety disorder, 39 had ADHD, 35 had an eating disorder, eight had a conduct disorder and five had schizophrenia. Statistically significant relationships were found for ADHD with cannabis-related disorders and polysubstance dependence; anxiety-related disorders with alcohol-related disorders; and mood disorders with cocaine-related disorders, possibly substance-induced disorders and substance-induced disorders. These results showed that a large group of patients admitted at the centre had one or more COD and this made the treatment more complex. The results of this study suggest the need to develop specialized treatment programmes for patients with CODs.
Substance abuse and psychiatric dual disorders: focus on tobacco
- Authors:
- GOLD Mark S., FROST-PINEDA Kimberley
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 1(1), 2004, pp.15-35.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
Smoking is a leading cause of morbidity and is the single most important preventable cause of mortality in the United States. The link between tobacco smoking and lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic lung disease, other cancers, and other medical diseases is now generally accepted. The link between tobacco and psychiatric diseases has become a focus for recent epidemiological studies, which have even led to the suggestion that in the differential diagnosis of "smoker" highest on the list are depression, alcohol dependence, and schizophrenia. Less is known about the role of second hand tobacco exposure, either in utero or during childhood, in the risk of dual disorders. Here the authors explore the issue of substance abuse and psychiatric dual disorders, prenatal and early childhood Second Hand Smoke (SHS) exposure and the relationship to the genesis of these dual disorders. They describe a novel method of detecting SHS exposure and the public health implications of this development. (Copies of this article are available from: Haworth Document Delivery Centre, Haworth Press Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580)
Self reported cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia in Swedish conscripts of 1969: historical cohort study
- Authors:
- ZAMMIT Stanley, et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Medical Journal, 23.11.02, 2002, pp.1199-1201.
- Publisher:
- British Medical Association
An association between use of cannabis in adolescence and subsequent risk of schizophrenia was previously reported in a follow up of Swedish conscripts. Arguments were raised that this association may be due to use of drugs other than cannabis and that personality traits may have confounded results. Cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia, consistent with a causal relation. This association is not explained by use of other psychoactive drugs or personality traits relating to social integration.
The diagnostic boundary between autism spectrum disorder, intellectual developmental disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorders
- Authors:
- BERTELLI Marco O., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 9(5), 2015, pp.243-264.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: During the last few years the prevalence of autism and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has increased greatly. A recurring issue is the overlap and boundaries between Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD), ASD and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSD). In clinical practice with people with IDD, the alternative or adjunctive diagnosis of ASD or SSD is particularly challenging. The purpose of this paper is to define the boundaries and overlapping clinical characteristics of IDD, ASD and SSD; highlight the most relevant differences in clinical presentation; and provide a clinical framework within which to recognize the impact of IDD and ASD in the diagnosis of SSD. Design/methodology/approach: A systematic mapping of the international literature was conducted on the basis of the following questions: first, what are considered to be core and overlapping aspects of IDD, ASD and SSD; second, what are the main issues in clinical practice; and third, can key diagnostic flags be identified to assist in differentiating between the three diagnostic categories? Findings: Crucial clinical aspects for the differentiation resulted to be age of onset, interest towards others, main positive symptoms, and anatomical anomalies of the central nervous system. More robust diagnostic criteria and semeiological references are desirable. Originality/value: The present literature mapping provides a comprehensive description of the most relevant differences in the clinical presentation of ASD and SSD in persons with IDD. (Publisher abstract)
Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study
- Authors:
- ARSENEAULT Louise, et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Medical Journal, 23.11.02, 2002, pp.1212-1213.
- Publisher:
- British Medical Association
Although most young people use cannabis in adolescence without harm, a vulnerable minority experience harmful outcomes. A tenth of the cannabis users by age 15 in our sample (3/29) developed schizophreniform disorder by age 26 compared with 3% of the remaining cohort (22/730). Our findings suggest that cannabis use among psychologically vulnerable adolescents should be strongly discouraged by parents, teachers, and health practitioners. Policy makers and law makers should concentrate on delaying onset of cannabis use.
The drugs don't work
- Author:
- WELLARD Sarah
- Journal article citation:
- Community Care, 31.10.02, 2002, pp.32-33.
- Publisher:
- Reed Business Information
Discusses how mental health services are being challenged by the use of drugs by young people with mental health problems.
Predictors of violence in mental illness: the role of substance abuse and associated factors
- Authors:
- THOMSON Lindsay, WILSON Jonathan, ROBINSON Louise
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology (The), 20(6), December 2009, pp.919-927.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
This paper examines the hypothesis that rates of substance misuse and violence are similar between male patients admitted to secure psychiatric care and their age-matched male siblings. Forty-two consecutive male admissions and 18 of their male siblings were interviewed to determine rates of mental illness, violence and past substance use. Hair analysis was performed. Both groups showed high rates of substance misuse and offending. However, rates were higher among patients, suggesting that their substance misuse and violence cannot all be explained by familial factors alone. History of conduct disorder (CD), more common in patients, was associated with drug misuse and violent offending. This supports evidence from other sources, suggesting that CD can be an important intermediary step in the development of substance use disorders and violence in those who subsequently develop major mental illness. A history of antisocial behaviour should be considered when assessing risk in patients with a mental disorder and a substance misuse problem.
Links between drug and alcohol misuse and psychiatric disorders
- Author:
- LITTLEJOHN Christopher
- Journal article citation:
- Nursing Times, 4.1.05, 2005, pp.34-37.
- Publisher:
- Nursing Times
Substance use is common in a wide range of psychiatric disorders, which can increase the risks of use developing into a substance use disorder. Conversely, substance use disorders are frequently accompanied by psychiatric symptoms. In some people these indicate formal psychiatric disorder. Whatever the causes, comorbidity may complicate treatment and resolution of both disorders, often presenting as a vicious circle that is difficult to break.