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The disease burden of childhood adversities in adults: a population-based study
- Authors:
- CUIJPERS Pim, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 35(11), November 2011, pp.937-945.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
There is evidence to show that childhood adversities (such as abuse and neglect, parental psychopathology, and major life events) have considerable effects on the mental and physical health of adults. This study used data from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (a national representative population sample survey with 7,056 respondents) to try to estimate the disease burden of childhood adversities. The researchers calculated the disability weighting for each respondent, reflecting the severity of the disease or condition and indicating the proportion of a healthy life year that is reduced by the specific health state of the individual, and the total number of years lost due to disability in the population. They also calculated the years lived with disability for 9 different childhood adversities as well as for major categories of mental disorders and general medical disorders. The study found that all 9 adversities resulted in a significantly increased disability weight, except death of a parent before the age of 16. Adversities in the abuse and neglect category were associated with the highest disability weights, and this category had the highest years lived with disability, indicating how many years in good health are lost. The authors conclude that childhood adversities are more important from a public health point of view than all common mental disorders together, and should be a priority for public health interventions.
Family relationships in childhood and common psychiatric disorders in later life: systematic review of prospective studies
- Authors:
- WEICH Scott, et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 194(5), May 2009, pp.392-398.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Most evidence for associations between childhood adversity and adult mental illness is retrospective. To evaluate prospective evidence of associations between poor parent–child relationships and common psychiatric disorders in later life. Systematic review of studies published between 1970 and 2008 including: (a) more than 100 participants; (b) measures of relationships in the home during childhood; (c) at least 10 years between assessment of exposures; and (d) measures of anxiety, depression, suicide, suicidal ideation or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Analysis was by narrative synthesis. Twenty-three papers were identified reporting data from 16 cohorts. Abusive relationships predicted depression, anxiety and PTSD. Maternal emotional unavailability in early life predicted suicide attempts in adolescence. Results of studies investigating less severe relationship problems were suggestive but not conclusive of causal association, due partly to methodological heterogeneity. Given the prevalence and disabling nature of common psychiatric problems, these studies highlight the need to minimise harm associated with dysfunctional parent–child relationships.
Recall of childhood neglect and physical abuse as differential predictors of current psychological functioning
- Authors:
- GAUTHIER Lisa, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 20(7), July 1996, pp.549-559.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
The differential effects of neglect and physical abuse on psychological functioning are not well understood. Examines the relationship between reported neglect and physical abuse and symptomatology and attachment styles in a sample of male and female undergraduates. In contrast to physical abuse, which must involve some parental involvement in a child's life, neglect is characterised by a lack of parent-child interaction. As such, it was hypothesised that childhood neglect would be more predictive of symptomatology and dysfunctional attachment styles than would physical abuse. Results confirmed the expected relationship between neglect and more severe psychological problems and anxious attachment styles. Implications of these results point to the need to focus both empirically and theoretically on neglect and physical abuse as potentially separate moderators of psychosocial functioning.
Gender differences in the effects of childhood maltreatment on adult depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Authors:
- GALLO Erika Alejandra Giraldo, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 79, 2018, pp.107-114.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Child maltreatment has well-documented long-term, adverse effects on mental health, but it is not clear whether there are gender differences in these effects. We conducted a systematic review to investigate whether there are gender differences in the effects of maltreatment on adult depression and anxiety. Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Lilacs were searched for relevant studies published up to May 2016. Eligible studies included population-based studies (with a cohort, case-control or cross-sectional design) which assessed maltreatment during childhood or adolescence (≤18 years) and its association with major depression or generalized anxiety disorder (DSM/ICD diagnostic criteria) in adulthood (>18 years) separately for females and males. Meta-analysis was performed to estimate the association between each exposure and outcome using fixed and random effects models. Pooled odds ratios (OR) were estimated separately for women and men and compared. Five studies of physical and sexual abuse were included in the meta-analyses. These provided twenty-two effects sizes estimates (11 for men, 11 for women) for associations between physical/sexual abuse and depression/anxiety. Exposure to each kind of abuse increased the odds of depression/anxiety. Associations were larger for women than for men, however, these gender differences were not statistically significant. Physical and sexual abuse in childhood/adolescence are risk factors for depression/anxiety in adulthood and the effect could be larger for women; however, currently there is insufficient evidence to definitively identify gender differences in the effects of maltreatment. (Edited publisher abstract)
Youth victimization in Sweden: Prevalence, characteristics and relation to mental health and behavioral problems in young adulthood
- Authors:
- CARTER Asa K., ANDERSHED Anna-Karin, ANDERSHED Henrik
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 38(8), 2014, pp.1290-1302.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
The present study examines multiple types of victimization simultaneously, their prevalence and characteristics in childhood and adolescence, and it examines the associations between victimization and poly-victimization on the one hand and single and multiple mental health and behavioural problems on the other. The sample consisted of 2,500 Swedish young adults (20–24 years) who provided detailed report of multiple types of lifetime victimization and current health and behaviours via an interview and a questionnaire. Results showed that it was more common to be victimized in adolescence than in childhood and more common to be victimized repeatedly rather than a single time, among both males and females. Males and females were victimized in noticeably different ways and partially at different places and by different perpetrators. With regard to mental health and behavioural problems, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, self-harm, and criminality were clearly overrepresented among both males and females who had experienced any type of victimization. Poly-victimization was related to single and multiple mental health and behavioural problems among both males and females. Concludes that professionals need to conduct thorough evaluations of victimization when completing mental health assessments among troubled youths, and that youth might benefit from the development of interventions for poly-victimized youth. (Edited publisher abstract)
Former Stockholm child protection cases as young adults: do outcomes differ between those that received services and those that did not?
- Authors:
- VINNERLJUNG Bo, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 28(1), January 2006, pp.59-77.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
This study reports on outcomes in young adulthood for previous CPA clients, by examining the prevalence of teenage parenthood, criminal offences, hospitalizations for psychiatric diagnoses, and self-support problems in a representative sample of subjects born 1968 to 1975, that resided in Stockholm (Sweden) their entire childhood, from birth to age 18. In this sample, 161 were previous CPA service receivers (service group) 110 were referred to the CPA during childhood but did not receive services (non-service group), and 1961 never had any known contact with the CPA (majority population). Almost every second man (45%) and woman (45%) in the service group had at least one negative outcome, compared to 37% of the men and 25% of the women in the non-service group, and 14–21% of the men and 7–12% of women in the majority population. Multiple regressions suggest that the impact of CPA services was scant, accounting for 1–14% of the variance of outcome variables. The results point to the potential value of including unsubstantiated cases of child maltreatment in follow-up studies of child protection clients. Implications for the findings are discussed.
Childhood environment of adult psychiatric outpatients in Norway having been bullied in school
- Authors:
- FOSSE Gunilla Klensmenden Fosse, HOLEN Are
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 26(2), 2002, pp.129-137.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
This study contrasts the childhood environment of adult psychiatric outpatients reporting to have been bullied at school with those who were not. 166 outpatients from a psychiatric clinic in Norway completed self-administered questionnaires about their psychosocial environment during childhood and adolescence. Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) were used as assessment tools. Results found that men who were bullied in childhood tended to grow up without biological fathers. Women who were bullied scored lower on Father Care on the PBI and significantly higher on Emotional Neglect, Emotional and Physical Abuse and Physical Neglect on CTQ that those who were not.
Organic vs. functional neurological disorders: the role of childhood psychological trauma
- Authors:
- KARATZIAS Thanos, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 63, 2016, pp.1-6.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Although the relationship between psychological trauma and medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) is well established, this relationship is less well understood in people with medically unexplained neurological symptoms. In the present study, the authors set out to compare people with functional neurological disorders, and organic neurological disorders, in terms of childhood and adulthood traumatic events, traumatic stress, emotional dysregulation and symptoms of depression and anxiety. It is hypothesised that those with functional neurological disorders would be more likely to report childhood and adulthood traumatic life events, traumatic symptomatology, emotional dysregulation and symptoms of anxiety and depression, compared to those with organic neurological disorders. Sample consisted of a consecutive series of people with functional neurological disorders and with organic neurological disorders (n = 82) recruited from a hospital in Scotland. Participants completed measures of life events, traumatic stress, emotional regulation, anxiety and depression. The two groups were found to significantly differ in relation to all measures, with the MUS group being more likely to report childhood and adulthood life events, more severe emotional dysregulation, traumatic stress and symptoms of anxiety and stress. Logistic regression analysis revealed that exposure to childhood traumatic life events, specifically childhood sexual abuse, and childhood physical neglect, were the only factors which were significantly associated with membership of the medically unexplained neurological symptoms group. Although further research is required to confirm the authors' findings, their results suggest that identifying and addressing the impact of childhood trauma, may alleviate distress and aid recovery from functional neurological disorders. (Edited publisher abstract)
Early trauma and subsequent antisocial behaviour in adults
- Authors:
- ARMSTRONG Greg J., KELLEY Susan D. M.
- Journal article citation:
- Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 8(4), November 2008, pp.294-303.
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
This study describes the prevalence of childhood trauma and maltreatment antecedents among 111 criminal offenders referred for forensic and mental health counselling. Sixty-nine percent reported such antecedents. Seventy percent had Axis 1 mental health disorders including anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and substance-related disorders. Many were comorbid. The implications of developmental psychopathology arising from childhood trauma and maltreatment for counsellors who treat forensic clients are addressed.
Evidence-based practices for social workers: an interdisciplinary approach
- Author:
- O'HARE Thomas
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press USA
- Publication year:
- 2020
- Pagination:
- 832
- Place of publication:
- New York
- Edition:
- 3rd ed
Within the context of the growing demands for ethical, legal, and fiscal accountability in psychosocial practices, this book provides a comprehensive resource for social workers and other human service professionals. Examining both adult disorders and problems and disorders of couples, children, and families, the book looks at how to 1) conduct clinical assessments informed by current human behaviour science; 2) implement interventions supported by current outcome research; and 3) engage in evaluation as part of daily practice to ensure effective implementation of evidence-based practices. Sample assessment/evaluation instruments (contributed by leading experts) allow practitioners and students to better understand their use as both assessment and evaluation tools. Case studies and sample treatment plans help the reader bridge the gap between clinical research and everyday practice. Overall, the book provides practitioners and students with a thoroughly researched yet practice-oriented resource for learning and implementing effective assessment, intervention and evaluation methods for a wide array of psychosocial disorders and problems-in-living in adults, children and families. (Edited publisher abstract)