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Unemployment and psychological distress among young adults in the Nordic countries: a review of the literature
- Authors:
- RENEFLOT Anne, EVENSON Miriam
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Social Welfare, 23(1), 2014, pp.3-15.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
This article reviews Nordic research, published from 1995 and onwards, on the relationship between unemployment and mental health among young adults. Cross-sectional, longitudinal and time-series studies are included. Cross-sectional studies show that the unemployed experience more mental health problems than the non-unemployed. Leaving unemployment is associated with increased well-being. Economic problems, feelings of shame and poor social support increase the likelihood of psychological distress. The longitudinal studies show that unemployment increases the risk of psychological distress and attempted suicide, after initial mental health status and confounding factors are accounted for. The relationship remains significant when time-invariant characteristics of the individuals are controlled for. The time-series studies found no relationship between unemployment and suicide, but levels of psychological distress were found to vary with changes in the labour market. This relationship remained significant after excluding the non-employed, indicating that unemployment trends have effects beyond those directly associated with unemployment. (Publisher abstract)
Stability and change: a 7- to 8-year follow-up study of mental health problems in Norwegian children in long-term out-of-home care
- Authors:
- HAVNEN Karen Skaale, BREIVIK Kyrre, JAKOBSEN Reidar
- Journal article citation:
- Child and Family Social Work, 19(3), 2014, pp.292-303.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
The aim of the study was to explore stability and change in mental health problems in Norwegian children aged 6–12 years old (n = 70) in long-term out-of-home care. The children's mental health problems were assessed shortly after the placement and 7–8 years later by the caregivers and the teachers on the Revised Rutter Scales. Information on pre-placement and placement factors were collected from the child welfare workers. At a group level the children's mental health problems had improved significantly over time according to the teachers' reports. According to the caregivers' reports, however, the children's problems were high and stable across time. Analyses aimed at detecting individual changes revealed a great variability in development according to both informants, indicating that treating the placed children as a homogenous group could be misleading. Several pre-placement and placement variables were associated with the change in the children's mental health problems from the time of placement to the follow-up time according to both informants' reports. However, all the predictors were accounted for by the strong effect of the children's problem scores when entering care. (Publisher abstract)