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Psychiatric disorders and treatment in adoptees: a meta-analytic comparison with non-adoptees
- Authors:
- BEHLE Anika E., PINQUART Martin
- Journal article citation:
- Adoption Quarterly, 19(4), 2016, pp.284-306.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia
This meta-analysis integrates the results of 85 studies on psychiatric disorders and treatment in adoptees and non-adoptees. The risk of adoptees experiencing psychiatric disorders, contact with mental health services, or treatment in a psychiatric hospital was approximately twice as high as that of non-adoptees. Elevated risks were observed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders, anxiety disorders, conduct disorders/oppositional defiant disorders, depression, substance use disorders, and psychoses. Larger effect sizes were, in part, found in clinical studies than in community-based studies, in studies with a higher percentage of individuals adopted after the age of three years and international adoptees, and in older studies. (Publisher abstract)
Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship between neuroticism and cognitive ability in advanced old age: the moderating role of severe sensory impairment
- Authors:
- WETTSTEIN Markus, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Aging and Mental Health, 20(9), 2016, pp.918-929.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
Objectives: Gaining a comprehensive picture of the network of constructs in which cognitive functioning is embedded is crucial across the full lifespan. With respect to personality, previous findings support a relationship between neuroticism and cognitive abilities. However, findings regarding old age are inconsistent. In particular, little is known about potentially moderating variables which might explain some of the inconsistency. The authors' aim was to examine the moderating effect of severe sensory impairment on cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between neuroticism and cognitive functioning. Method: The study sample consisted of 121 visually impaired (VI), 116 hearing impaired (HI), and 150 sensory unimpaired older adults (UI). Mean age was 82.50 years (SD = 4.71 years). Neuroticism was assessed by the NEO Five Factor Inventory, and multiple established tests were used for the assessment of cognitive performance (e.g., subtests of the revised Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale). Results: Bivariate correlations and multi-group structural equation models indicated stronger relationships between cognitive abilities and neuroticism in both sensory impaired groups (VI and HI) compared to UI older individuals. This relationship was attenuated but still significant in both sensory impaired groups when controlling for age, education and health (number of chronic conditions). In cross-lagged panel models, higher baseline neuroticism was significantly associated with lower cognitive performance four years later in VI and HI individuals. Conclusion: Results suggest that sensory impairment moderates both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between neuroticism and cognitive function in advanced old age. (Edited publisher abstract)
Psychological symptoms of sexually victimized children and adolescents compared with other maltreatment subtypes
- Authors:
- MUNZER Annika, FEGERT Jörg M., GOLDBECK Lutz
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 25(3), 2016, pp.326-346.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
The differential effects of sexual victimisation and other forms of maltreatment on psychological functioning are not well understood. A sample of sexually victimised children and adolescents (N = 70; 6.3–17.9 years) and a group of youth with a history of nonsexual maltreatment (N = 108; 6.7–16.9 years) were compared using measures of mental health and psychosocial functioning. Assessments included standardised clinical interviews on individual maltreatment history and current psychopathology as well as questionnaires on behavioural and emotional symptoms, including posttraumatic stress symptoms. The results from this study suggest that the risk of experiencing any current mental disorders was independent of type of maltreatment. The risk of meeting the criteria for a current diagnosis of major depression, however, is greater among youth with a history of maltreatment that includes sexual victimisation. The significant impact of sexual victimisation on posttraumatic stress symptoms was found to be nonsignificant after controlling for age and gender effects. The results indicate that the outcomes of child maltreatment depend on type of maltreatment, but age and gender must be taken into account. (Edited publisher abstract)