Search results for ‘Subject term:"learning disabilities"’ Sort:
Results 1 - 10 of 12
Is EMDR an effective treatment for people diagnosed with both intellectual disability and post-traumatic stress disorder?
- Author:
- GILDERTHORP Rosanna C.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 19(1), 2015, pp.58-68.
- Publisher:
- Sage
- Place of publication:
- London
This study aimed to critically review all studies that have set out to evaluate the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for people diagnosed with both intellectual disability (ID) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Searches of the online databases Psych Info, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, The Cochrane Database of Randomized Control Trials, CINAHL, ASSIA and Medline were conducted. Five studies are described and evaluated. Key positive points include the high clinical salience of the studies and their high external validity. Several common methodological criticisms are highlighted, however, including difficulty in the definition of the terms ID and PTSD, lack of control in design and a lack of consideration of ethical implications. Overall, the articles reviewed indicate cause for cautious optimism about the utility of EMDR with this population. The clinical and research implications of this review are discussed. (Publisher abstract)
Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults with intellectual disability: a review
- Authors:
- REILLY Colin, HOLLAND Niamh
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 24(4), July 2011, pp.291-309.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
This article reviews attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as it has been studied in individuals with intellectual disability. Despite a reported excess of ADHD symptoms in individuals with intellectual disability, it has been argued that ADHD symptoms have been under diagnosed and inadequately treated in individuals with intellectual disability. The use of diagnostic criteria for ADHD from international classification systems is discussed with reference to the applicability of these systems to individuals with intellectual disability. The prevalence of ADHD symptoms and correlates of ADHD in individuals with intellectual disability are examined with reference to published studies. The findings show that the reported prevalence rates of ADHD symptoms in individuals with intellectual disability vary significantly depending on instruments and diagnostic practices employed. Published studies evaluating interventions for individuals with ADHD and intellectual disability are also reviewed. These are found to primarily focus on pharmacological interventions. The article concludes that much less is known about ADHD in individuals with intellectual disability than about ADHD in individuals without intellectual disability. There is therefore a need to clarify baseline rates of ADHD in individuals with intellectual disability and to develop interventions to support affected individuals and their families.
Delirium and learning disability: case series and literature review
- Authors:
- van WAARDE Jeroen A., van der MAST Rose C.
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 32(3), September 2004, pp.123-127.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Although predisposing and facilitating factors for delirium are common in learning disabled patients, little is known about its occurrence. Presents 3 case reports and results of a manual and computer (Medline, Embase Psychiatry) search. Only 2 case reports were found, and added to the 3. Ages were 16, 17, 51, 55 and 78. Delirium was associated with eye surgery, anticholinergic overdose, urinary infection, Alzheimer's disease and pulmonary infection respectively. All had predisposing factors. The literature is scarce, possibly because diagnosis is often missed. Delirium is very distressing and raises morbidity and mortality. However, it is treatable, so more attention should be given to diagnosis and treatment, especially in vulnerable patients. A practice guideline assessment and treatment is given.
Interventions for people with alcohol use disorder and an intellectual disability: a review of the literature
- Author:
- DEGENHARDT Louisa
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 25(2), June 2000, pp.135-146.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
Alcohol is the most commonly used psychoactive substance in the general population, and alcohol use disorder is among the most common forms of mental illness. There are a number of additional issues concerning problematic alcohol use that are of particular significance to those with an intellectual disability. This paper presents an outline of the interventions that may be appropriate for an adult with an alcohol use disorder and an intellectual disability. Future research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of interventions with this client group.
Self-injurious behaviour: an overview of recent trends in epidemiological and behavioural research
- Author:
- EMERSON Eric
- Journal article citation:
- Mental Handicap Research, 5(1), 1992, pp.49-81.
- Publisher:
- BIMH Publications
Reviews and discusses three aspects: basing interventions on an analysis of underlying causes, the functional displacement and communication hypothesis, and the debate about the acceptability and effectiveness of aversive treatment.
Specialised treatment units for people with challenging behaviours
- Authors:
- NEWMAN Ian, EMERSON Eric
- Journal article citation:
- Mental Handicap, 19(3), 1991, pp.113-119.
- Publisher:
- British Institute of Mental Handicap
Reviews the literature on different models of care for people with learning disabilities and presents the results of a survey of treatment units in England and Wales giving statistics about residents and summarises advantages and disadvantages.
Does the adapted sex offender treatment programme reduce cognitive distortions? A meta-analysis
- Author:
- PATTERSON Chris
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 9(1), 2018, pp.9-21.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: For the 3.8 per cent of people with intellectual disabilities (IDs) who have offended sexually, the main form of treatment is the group-based, cognitive-behavioural, adapted sex offender treatment programme (ASOTP) that focusses on challenging cognitive distortions condoning sex offending. The purpose of this paper is to provide an evaluation of how effective the ASOTP is at reducing ID sex offenders’ cognitive distortions. Design/methodology/approach: Three databases were searched systematically: PsycINFO, MEDLINE and Web of Science. Six studies met the inclusion criteria, yielding 118 participants. Using a random-effects model, effect sizes were calculated using pre- and post-treatment scores on a measure of cognitive distortions. The standardised mean difference (SMD) was 1.77 (95 per cent CI: 1.06, 2.46), which was statistically significant (p<0.001) and “large”. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that this SMD was robust, and a check for publication bias revealed that it was unlikely that the “file drawer problem” confounded the meta-analysis. Findings: These results indicated that the ASOTP can significantly reduce ID sex offenders’ cognitive distortions, regardless of treatment length, IQ level, language abilities, or offence type. Consistent with earlier reports, longer treatment resulted in the greatest reductions: the optimum treatment length was 24 months. Research limitations/implications: The ASOTP’s current evidence is comprised wholly of case and quasi-experimental studies, none of which employed control groups. This paper highlights how there is a dire need for high-quality experimental evaluation of the ASOTP. Practical implications: Clinicians are advised to continue using the ASOTP as the main treatment for ID sex offenders until the effectiveness of the ASOTP is further examined using randomised controlled trials. Originality/value: This is the first meta-analytic review of the effectiveness of the ASOTP. (Edited publisher abstract)
Therapeutic communities for people with intellectual disability and complex needs
- Authors:
- TAYLOR Jon, CROWTHER Simon, BRYANT Christian
- Journal article citation:
- Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 9(3), 2015, pp.124-131.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the use and value of therapeutic communities (TCs) in services for people with intellectual disabilities (IDs) and complex needs. Design/methodology/approach: A structured literature review of TC in ID services. Findings: TCs have been used in a range of in-patient services for people with IDs. Although outcome studies are scarce, those that exist offer promising indications of such service designs. Originality/value: TCs have seen a recent increase of interest in ID services. This paper provides an overview of these services and outlines the benefits that such a residential culture can offer for both service users and staff members. (Publisher abstract)
Alcohol and illicit drug misuse in people with learning disabilities: implications for research and service development
- Authors:
- TAGGART Laurence, HUXLEY Adam, BAKER Gill
- Journal article citation:
- Advances in Mental Health and Learning Disabilities, 2(1), March 2008, pp.11-21.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
This paper offers readers a review of the literature on alcohol and illicit drug misuse in people with learning disabilities, focusing on six key areas. First, clarity is provided on the definition of ‘misuse’. Second, prevalence rates are examined along with the methodological difficulties involved in such studies, the authors arguing that prevalence rates are higher than current estimates. Third, the authors explore the relationship between the intra- and inter-personal risk factors. Fourth, the nature of substance misuse is explored, with a focus on offending behaviour. Fifth, a range of treatment modalities are described with a series of recommendations for more robust evidence-based interventions. Last, the authors explore the gaps in policy that lead to a dearth in service provision as well the barriers which people with learning disabilities face on entering treatment services. The paper cites four more innovative projects that address this population’s needs in England, and illustrates how Northern Ireland has positioned the needs of this hidden population within the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety (Northern Ireland).
HIV and AIDS
- Author:
- GATTER Philip
- Journal article citation:
- Research Matters, 9, April 2000, pp.10-12.
- Publisher:
- Community Care
Looks at three pieces of research that inform practice in the field of HIV and AIDS. The first focuses on the experiences of people taking combination antiretroviral therapies. Another analysed the experience of parents disclosing their HIV status to their children, and the final research dealt with safe sex education for men with learning difficulties.