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Anxiety disorders in people with learning disabilities: a review of literature
- Author:
- RAGHAVAN R.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Learning Disabilities for Nursing Health and Social Care, 2(1), March 1998, pp.3-9.
People with learning disabilities experience anxiety disorders, as do the general population. Many studies have highlighted the incidence of anxiety disorders in this population, but they have fallen short of addressing prevalence and issues associated with anxiety disorders and its impact. This article brings together major published studies of anxiety disorder in people with learning disabilities. Its purpose is to raise awareness among health professionals in the field of learning disabilities, and to highlight the need for continued research to address this issue effectively.
CFT & people with intellectual disabilities
- Authors:
- HARDIMAN Mark, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 12(1), 2018, pp.44-56.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to assess the effects of compassion-focussed therapy (CFT) on anxiety in a small sample of adults with intellectual disability. Design/methodology/approach: A mixed-methods design was employed. Participants (n=3) completed questionnaire measures of anxiety and self-compassion on three occasions: pre-intervention, post-intervention and, at three months follow-up. Post-intervention, they also took part in recorded interviews that were analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis. Findings were then synthesised to develop a comprehensive understanding of their overall experience. Findings: Final data synthesis revealed five themes: participant anxiety decreased (reliable for all participants); the faulty self; improved positive compassionate attitudes; increased sense of common humanity; and mindful distraction techniques. Research limitations/implications: This research paper offers in-depth analysis of three participants’ experiences rather than reporting in less detail about a larger number of participants. The self-compassion scale required considerable support and reasonable adaptation to be used with these clients. Originality/value: Only two other studies have explored the use of CFT with people with intellectual disabilities. (Publisher abstract)
Computerised cognitive-behavioural therapy for adults with intellectual disability: randomised controlled trial
- Authors:
- COONEY Patricia, et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 211(2), 2017, pp.95-102.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Background: Despite the evidence base for computer-assisted cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) in the general population, it has not yet been adapted for use with adults who have an intellectual disability. Aims: To evaluate the utility of a CBT computer game for adults who have an intellectual disability. Method: A 2 × 3 (group × time) randomised controlled trial design was used. Fifty-two adults with mild to moderate intellectual disability and anxiety or depression were randomly allocated to two groups: computerised CBT (cCBT) or psychiatric treatment as usual (TAU), and assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment and 3-month follow-up. Forty-nine participants were included in the final analysis. Results: A significant group × time interaction was observed on the primary outcome measure of anxiety (Glasgow Anxiety Scale for people with an Intellectual Disability), favouring cCBT over TAU, but not on the primary outcome measure of depression (Glasgow Depression Scale for people with a Learning Disability). A medium effect size for anxiety symptoms was observed at post-treatment and a large effect size was observed after follow-up. Reliability of Change Indices indicated that the intervention produced clinically significant change in the cCBT group in comparison with TAU. Conclusions: As the first application of cCBT for adults with intellectual disability, this intervention appears to be a useful treatment option to reduce anxiety symptoms in this population. (Publisher abstract)
The case for guided self-help for people with intellectual disabilities
- Authors:
- CHAPLIN Eddie, MARSHALL-TATE Karina
- Journal article citation:
- Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 11(3), 2017, pp.126-130.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine guided self-help (GSH), and some of the barriers as to why it is not routinely available for people with intellectual disabilities (IDs). Design/methodology/approach: This paper offers an overview of GSH and the potential benefits of it as an intervention for people with ID with mild depression and/or anxiety. Findings: The current literature reports the successful use and effectiveness of GSH in the general population. However, despite this there is little evidence that it is being used in practice for people with ID. Originality/value: This paper offers an overview of GSH and advocates for its increasing use for people with ID to help bring about equality in mental healthcare. (Publisher abstract)
Quality of diagnosis and treatment plans after using the ‘diagnostic guideline for anxiety and challenging behaviours’ in people with intellectual disabilities: a comparative multiple case study design
- Authors:
- PRUIJSSERS Addy, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 29(4), 2016, pp.305-316.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Background: People with intellectual disabilities often have a multitude of concurrent problems due to the combination of cognitive impairments, psychiatric disorders (particularly anxiety) and related challenging behaviours. Diagnoses in people with intellectual disabilities are complicated. This study evaluates the quality of the diagnoses and treatment plans after using a guideline that was developed to support professionals in their diagnostic tasks. Materials and Methods: A comparative multiple case study with an experimental and control condition, applying deductive analyses of diagnoses and treatment plans. Results: The analyses revealed that the number of diagnostic statements and planned treatment actions in the experimental group was significantly larger and more differentiated than in the control condition. In the control group, consequential harm and protective factors were hardly mentioned in diagnoses and treatment plans. Conclusions: Working with the ‘Diagnostic Guideline for Anxiety and CB’ leads to improved diagnoses and treatment plans compared with care as usual. (Publisher abstract)
Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety in a man with autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and social phobia
- Author:
- WRIGHT Kevin Paul
- Journal article citation:
- Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 7(5), 2013, pp.284-292.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: This paper evaluates the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) in the treatment of social anxiety with a 19-year-old man with intellectual disabilities (ID) and autistic spectrum disorders. Design/methodology/approach: The intervention was evaluated using an A-B single case design. An idiosyncratic measure was developed to measure anxiety symptoms on a daily basis. The brief symptom inventory (BSI; Derogatis, 1975) measured symptom patterns across nine psychological dimensions and was administered at initial assessment, pre-intervention and post-intervention. Findings: Visual and statistical analysis of the data showed that anxiety severity dramatically reduced throughout the course of therapy, reaching and maintaining zero and this was statistically significant. Data seemed to show that sudden gains in the reduction of anxiety severity occurred during the relaxation and cognitive phases of intervention. This sudden gain coincided with an increase in daily activities, and exposure to more anxiety provoking events which was also statistically significant. Global anxiety scores, as measured by the BSI, showed a notable reduction at post-treatment. Originality/value: This paper demonstrates that CBT can bring about meaningful improvements in the treatment of anxiety in people with ID and autism and suggests that further exploration with the wider population is needed. (Publisher abstract)
Psychiatric drugs explained
- Author:
- HEALY David
- Publisher:
- Churchill Livingstone
- Publication year:
- 2002
- Pagination:
- 343p.bibliog.
- Place of publication:
- Edinburgh
- Edition:
- 3rd
Provides a guide to the uses, benefits and impact of psychotropic drugs, addressing the key concerns for health professionals around compliance, partnerships in treatment options and issues of accountability in practice. The book also contains a section on the pharmacological industry, critically appraising its significant role in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. The major drug categories are listed and the clinical uses, modes of action and side effects of drugs in each category are described. Contents include: management of psychoses; management of affective disorders; use of psychos; management of sleep disorders and insomnia; management of cognitive impairment; management of sexual difficulties; management of dependence and withdrawal; consent, abuse and liability; the marketing of tranquility.
Reasons and remedies
- Author:
- SIMS Patricia
- Publisher:
- Mortimore
- Publication year:
- 2000
- Pagination:
- 158p.,bibliog.
- Place of publication:
- Barnstaple
Aims to help parents and professionals understand problems and disabilities in children. Argues for a holistic view of social and learning difficulties, with anxiety as a common factor in these syndromes. Examines avoidant personality disorder, speech and language difficulties, challenging behaviour, dyslexia, hyperactivity and autism and concludes that these conditions are inter-related and can only be understood with reference to the child's personality traits. Provides suggestions for appropriate interventions.
Learning disabilities and mental illness: a guide for practitioners and carers
- Authors:
- DAWSON Carol, MORGAN Penny
- Publisher:
- Pepar
- Publication year:
- 1997
- Pagination:
- 96p.,list of orgs.,bibliog.
- Place of publication:
- Birmingham
Sets out to raise awareness about mental health problems in people with learning difficulties. Aimed at carers and service providers. Looks at: the roles of the professionals involved; current legislation; possible signs and symptoms; recognised interventions; and what carers can do to support. Also includes chapters on: depression; loss and bereavement; anxiety states; post traumatic stress disorder; eating disorders; schizophrenia; and dementia.