Search results for ‘Subject term:"learning disabilities"’ Sort:
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Screening for intellectual disability in children: a review of the literature
- Authors:
- MCKENZIE Karen, MEGSON Paula
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 25(1), January 2012, pp.80-87.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Noting increasing interest in the use of screening tools for early identification of possible intellectual disability, and the difficulty in identifying children with intellectual disability at an early age, this study reviews the literature to investigate how well screening tools identify children with an intellectual disability. It includes an introduction to the subject and a table summarising the psychometric characteristics required of a good screening tool. Database and reference searches for English language articles from 1990 to 2009, followed by detailed examination of studies, identified only one article which examined the ability of an assessment to specifically identify children with a potential intellectual disability. However, the review's overall conclusion was that no single screening tool which was reviewed was shown to be sufficiently valid or reliable to use to identify children with a probable intellectual disability. The authors highlight areas for future researchers to address in developing a screening tool.
Cancer and intellectual disability: a review of some key contextual issues
- Authors:
- HOGG James, TUFFREY-WIJNE Irene
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 21(6), November 2008, pp.509-518.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Research into the health of people with intellectual disabilities has increasingly focused on the occurrence of cancer in this population. Information on the incidence and prevalence of cancer is reviewed in both institutional and community settings. Examples of environmental causation are considered including Helicobacter pylori. Gender-specific issues are considered with respect to both women and men, and screening services discussed. The overall issue of timely diagnosis of cancer in members of this population is reviewed with special reference to avoidable deaths. The need for methodologically sound studies to clarify the epidemiology of cancer in people with intellectual disabilities is discussed.
Breast cancer screening in women with learning disabilities: current knowledge and considerations
- Authors:
- WILLIS Diane S., KENNEDY Catriona M., KILBRIDE Lynn
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36(3), September 2008, pp.171-184.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
As people with learning disabilities now live longer, they will experience the same age-related illnesses as the general population and cancer is a prime example of this. In women, cancer screening is used to detect early on-set of cancer of the breast and abnormalities of the cervix which might, if left untreated, develop into cancer. The literature on cancer screening in women with learning disabilities consistently reports that cancer screening up-take is lower in this population compared to women in the general population. This paper presents a review of 35 articles relating to breast cancer, breast cancer screening and breast awareness in women with learning disabilities. Relevant papers and book chapters were located by searching a number of databases and undertaking hand searches, and includes publications from 1997 to 2007. The studies located ranged from localised health initiatives to improve breast awareness and breast screening up-take, to population studies. Although more is being published on cancer in people with learning disabilities there is still a paucity of literature on breast screening amongst women with learning disabilities. This review therefore, up-dates current knowledge on breast cancer incidence and breast awareness whilst critically reviewing studies specifically focusing on breast screening in women with learning disabilities.
Screening for learning disabilities in the criminal justice system: a review of existing measures for use within liaison and diversion services
- Authors:
- SILVA Daniel, GOUGH Karen, WEEKS Hannah
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 6(1), 2015, pp.33-43.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: At present, there are significant limitations to the criminal justice system’s (CJS) ability to respond appropriately to detainees or defendant with learning disabilities (LD). The development of Liaison and Diversion Services has provided the opportunity to more easily identify people with LD in the CJS through the use of screening assessments. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to consider why there is a need for screening assessments and review the literature on existing measures, in order to consider the next steps to develop a more effective pathway from the CJS to LD services. Design/methodology/approach: This paper takes the form of a literature review. Findings: The review found that there is a significant body of research defending the need for LD screening in the CJS across the UK. The aim of a screening process would be to identify individuals who possibly have LD and ensure that the correct measures are in place to assess and manage these individuals, including appropriate diversion to specialist LD services. The learning disability screening questionnaire (LDSQ) is an instrument that could be utilised in these instances and could be carried out by Liaison and Diversion Services. Research limitations/implications: Neither of the tools reviewed in this paper have been vigorously field tested within forensic settings in the UK. It is recommended that there should be trials of the LDSQ as a screening tool within Liaison and Diversion Services with comparison against outcomes of full diagnostic assessments for LD. Originality/value: Screening for LD is being discussed across the UK as part of Liaison and Diversion Services. This paper highlights the need for a reliable and valid screening tool and provides support for the use of the LDSQ. (Publisher abstract)
Cancer screening in women with intellectual disabilities an Irish perspective
- Authors:
- REIDY Mary, DENIEFFE Suzanne, FORAN Sinead
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 18(1), 2014, pp.51-60.
- Publisher:
- Sage
- Place of publication:
- London
In the Republic of Ireland, more than 8000 women with intellectual disabilities (IDs), aged 20 years and over, are registered for service provision. Their health needs challenge preventative health services including breast and cervical cancer screening programmes. This review explores the literature about cancer screening participation rates and issues related to screening for Irish women with IDs. Low cancer screening participation rates are evident in Irish women with IDs; and the women shed light on the barriers they perceive related to the screening experience. These experiences are reflected in the international literature for women with IDs. Further research involving the assessment of the breast and cervical cancer awareness in Irish women with IDs and their participation in cancer screening programmes is recommended. Strategies are required to increase their participation in screening programmes that may lead to the earlier diagnosis with better outcomes. (Publisher abstract)
Followers or leaders? What is the role for social care practitioners in annual health checks for adults with learning disabilities?
- Authors:
- MANTHORPE Jill, MARTINEAU Steven
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 14(1), March 2010, pp.56-66.
- Publisher:
- Sage
- Place of publication:
- London
English government policy promotes health checks for adults with learning disabilities based on the need to address lack of access to healthcare services and poor health outcomes for this group of citizens. This paper highlights the findings of a scoping review of the literature carried out in 2009 to examine the implications of a national system of health checks for the work of practitioners in social care services. The review found little in the research literature relevant to social care practice and concluded that there is a need to consider the possible roles of social care staff in initiating health checks. The reviews also suggested the possible involvement of social care staff in decision making around issues of consent, social care practice in recording and implementing the recommendations of such checks. Finally, the review suggested that staff should consider their possible roles as escorts, chaperones and supporters with communications, and that the presence of regulatory scrutiny of their participation in this activity was required.
A review of measures used in the screening, assessment and diagnosis of dementia in people with an intellectual disability
- Authors:
- MCKENZIE Karen, METCALFE Dale, MURRAY George
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(5), 2018, pp.725-742.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Background: The increasing number of individuals with an intellectual disability who are at risk of developing dementia highlights the need to use measures with strong psychometric properties as part of the screening, assessment and diagnostic process. Method: Searches were made of clinical and good practice guidelines and English language journal articles sourced from Proquest, Web of Science and Scopus databases (up to July 2017) for tools which were designed or adapted for the purpose of helping to diagnose dementia in people with intellectual disability. Results: Based on a detailed review of 81 articles and guidelines, the present authors identified 22 relevant tools (12 cognitive, 10 behaviour). These were reviewed in terms of their psychometric properties. Conclusions: A number of tools were found to be available for use with people with intellectual disability; however, few were specifically standardized for this purpose which also had comprehensive information about reliability and validity. (Edited publisher abstract)
A case study of an embedded system in prison to support individuals with learning difficulties and disabilities in the criminal justice system
- Authors:
- KIRBY Amanda, SAUNDERS Lisette
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 6(2), 2015, pp.112-124.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe first the rationale for an embedded process for learning difficulties and disabilities in the criminal justice system (CJS). This is followed by an example of how this approach has been delivered in one offender setting. The use of a novel computerised assessment tool is described, and the way it has been used to undertake the initial screening processes and provide person centred guidance for staff and the individuals. The bio-psychosocial approach to supporting individuals moving through the CJS is suggested as an approach that could be potentially used in other prisons settings. The paper also highlights some of the current challenges in doing so. Design/methodology/approach: This paper presents a review of the currently literature to provide a rationale for the example of the embedded approach taken. Findings: The approach, aligns to the challenges cited in much of the research. Practical implications: The model presented can be used as a basis for potentially delivering such a system in other prisons settings and to highlight areas that remain contentious. Social implications: The embedded model represents a bio-psychosocial approach to supporting individuals moving through the CJS so has important implications. (Publisher abstract)
Prevention and social care for adults with learning disabilities
- Authors:
- EMERSON Eric, HATTON Chris, ROBERTSON Janet
- Publisher:
- NIHR School for Social Care Research
- Publication year:
- 2011
- Pagination:
- 25p., bibliog.
- Place of publication:
- London
Prevention seeks to eliminate or reduce need, and the current UK preventative agenda focuses on encouraging people to have healthy and active lifestyles and supporting people when a care need first arises to stop problems escalating. The aim of this review was to explore the issue of prevention in relation to adult social care services for people with learning disabilities, looking in particular at options for preventative actions, implications for adult social care practice, and possibilities for modelling the consequences of preventative strategies. It discusses what prevention is, ethical and ideological issues, primary prevention of learning disabilities (including screening and addressing environmental causes) and of the need for adult social care services among people with learning disabilities, and secondary prevention of learning disabilities (through early intervention) and of the need for adult social care services among people with learning disabilities. Key research questions for primary and secondary prevention are identified. The paper concludes that a plausible case can be made for the viability and potential effectiveness of primary and secondary prevention of learning disabilities and of the need for social care support among people with learning disabilities, and that the vast majority of the options for prevention involve altering the social and environmental context in which children grow up.
Diagnostic instruments for dementia in older people with intellectual disability in clinical practice
- Authors:
- STRYDOM A., HASSIOTIS A.
- Journal article citation:
- Aging and Mental Health, 7(6), November 2003, pp.431-437.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
There is a need for simple and reliable screening instruments for dementia in the intellectual disability (ID) population that can also be used to follow their progress, particularly if they are being treated with anti-dementia drugs. Commonly used tests for the general population such as the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) are not appropriate for many people with ID. This paper is a literature review of alternative instruments that have been used in research or recommended by experts since 1991 and have the potential to be used as screening instruments. Two types of tests have been identified: those administered to informants, and those that rely on direct assessment of the individual. The most promising informant rated screening tool in most adults with ID including Down syndrome (DS) diagnosis is the Dementia Questionnaire for Persons with Mental Retardation (DMR). However, sensitivity in single assessments is variable and cut-off scores need further optimisation. In those with DS, the Dementia Scale for Down Syndrome (DSDS) has good specificity but mediocre sensitivity. The Test for Severe Impairment and Severe Impairment Battery are two direct assessment tools that show promise as screening instruments, but need further evaluation.