Search results for ‘Subject term:"learning disabilities"’ Sort:
Results 1 - 10 of 304
Possibility and risk in encounter between people with and without intellectual disability
- Authors:
- WIESEL Ilan, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 46(1), 2021, pp.35-44.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
Background: Unpredictability, the risk of harm and possibility of rewards, are integral elements of encounter. Risk literature offers insight on the complex ways in which risk perceptions and attunements shape behaviours and interactions in encounter between people with and without intellectual disability. Method: The paper draws on risk literature, encounter literature, and examples from the authors’ previously published studies on encounter and work integrated social enterprises. Results: Encounters between people with and without intellectual disability are shaped by perceptions of possible rewards and harms skills and experience in attunement to risk signals; disposition towards, and strategies of, risk aversion, management or enablement and environmental attributes of encounter settings. Conclusions: There is a need to shift community and disability services’ understanding of risk in encounter, by developing a positive appreciation of encounter risk, and development of risk enablement strategies that are learned through experiential practice. (Edited publisher abstract)
Risk factors for falls among adults with intellectual disabilities: a narrative review
- Authors:
- POPE John, TRUESDALE Maria, BROWN Michael
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 34(1), 2021, pp.274-285.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Background: The prevalence of falls involving people with intellectual disabilities (ID) is high in comparison with the general population. There has been little evidence to date on the contributing risk factors. The objective of this review was to identify risk factors for people with intellectual disabilities. Method: Literature searches were conducted using electronic databases to explore evidence on the subject, and narrative synthesis was employed to analyse the results. Results: Seven risk factors were identified: decreasing physical ability, epilepsy, paretic conditions, impulsiveness, previous falls, incontinence and non‐use of assistive equipment. Thematic analysis identified factors across the four concepts: the person, the situation, ongoing and protective factors. Conclusion: Factors for falls involving people with intellectual disabilities are dynamic and multifactorial. Some are specific to the population; however, further research is required to develop the understanding of the possible reasons. The findings have implications across policy, education, practice and research. (Edited publisher abstract)
Online risk for people with intellectual disabilities
- Author:
- CHADWICK Darren David
- Journal article citation:
- Tizard Learning Disability Review, 24(4), 2019, pp.180-187.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to summarise the current state of empirical knowledge pertaining to online risk and cybercrime relating to people with intellectual disabilities (ID). Design/methodology/approach: This narrative review summarises, synthesises and critically evaluates the current literature and state of knowledge and offers suggestions for extending current knowledge and practice. Findings: Evidence regarding risk for people with ID is limited but growing. Existing findings highlight that: risk may increase contingent upon higher levels of sociability, loneliness, anxiety and depression, poorer insight, judgement, discrimination and ability to detect deception online and reduced experience and life opportunities; people without ID perceive high online risk for people with ID, which may lead to gatekeeping restrictions and controlling digital access; restriction may potentially impede online self-determination, participation and development by people with ID; and experience of risk may enhance awareness, independence and resilience in managing future online risk amongst people with ID. Further research work is needed in this area to enhance understanding of risk experience and effective support strategies. Originality/value: This review of current knowledge has highlighted the necessity for more research to better understand the propensity for engagement in different risky online behaviours and to better inform support practices to help people with ID to manage risk whilst maintaining digital inclusion. (Publisher abstract)
The empty rhetoric of inclusion
- Author:
- JACKSON Robin
- Journal article citation:
- Learning Disability Today, 15(3), May/June 2015, pp.22-24.
- Publisher:
- Pavilion
- Place of publication:
- Hove
The author argues that recent policies of inclusion with learning disabilities risk achieving the opposite effect as they fail to take into account the needs of this population. It raises the lack of specialist training course to equip teachers with the skills to teach pupils with learning disabilities; the marketisation of social care could result in of low cost services and poorly trained staff; the use of CCTV in care homes which could lead to a reduction in the numbers of skilled staff employed; and the financial vulnerability of many care homes, resulting in the ownership of care home falling into fewer hands. (Edited publisher abstract)
Alcohol and intellectual disability: personal problem or cultural exclusion?
- Author:
- SIMPSON Murray
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 16(3), September 2012, pp.183-192.
- Publisher:
- Sage
- Place of publication:
- London
Studies on alcohol use among adults with intellectual disabilities suggest that their usage is significantly less than the general population, with very high levels of abstinence. Despite this, the literature focuses almost exclusively on the people who do have problems, attempting to lead to the conclusion that adults with intellectual disabilities are more vulnerable to alcohol misuse. This article tries to show that this approach is deeply flawed and is both predicated on and leads to an impoverished view of alcohol use. The aim is to reorient the discussion to make it more culturally sensitive, less focussed on alcohol ‘problems’ and more geared towards the socially constructive aspects of drinking. Today, in the majority of countries, alcohol plays a major role in the cultural lives of most people. We might therefore expect to see access to alcohol feature as part of general strategies for helping people with intellectual disabilities to overcome social exclusion and become more full participants in their communities. The article opens up new lines of exploration around the significance of abstinence, why it might occur to such a high degree and whether, in fact, it might itself be and also point towards the cultural exclusion of people with intellectual disabilities.
Challenging behaviour and associated risk factors: an overview (part I)
- Authors:
- KORITSAS Stella, IACONO Teresa
- Journal article citation:
- Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 6(4), 2012, pp.199-214.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
This review, the first in a two-part series, explores challenging behaviour in adults, its prevalence, risk factors and causes. It aims to provide an overview of prevalence studies and explore the various risk factors that have been associated with challenging behaviour. The authors also seek to explore methodological differences across studies that may contribute to the prevalence variations reported in the literature. The article summarises the findings from frequently cited prevalence studies as well as more recent studies. The prevalence of challenging behaviour reported in the literature has varied due to methodological differences across studies. Despite this, the best estimate is believed to be from 15 to 17.5 per cent. A range of factors have been associated with challenging behaviour and include gender, age, severity of disability and residential setting.
Intelligence involves risk-awareness and intellectual disability involves risk-unawareness: implications of a theory of common sense
- Authors:
- GREENSPAN Stephen, SWITZKY Harvey N., WOODS George W.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 36(4), December 2011, pp.246-257.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
The concepts of intelligence and common sense are discussed in this article in the context of defining intellectual disability. The article suggests that measures of intelligence, such as IQ tests, do not adequately address the core deficit in intellectual disability. It discusses a theory of common sense, defining common sense as "awareness of obvious social or practical risk". It presents a content model of risk, and discusses risk-awareness and unawareness, why people with intellectual disability are especially at risk, and the implications of a dynamic model of common sense for defining and diagnosing intellectual disability. The authors argue for adoption of the approach that intellectual disability is a common sense deficit disorder.
Vulnerability to depression in adolescents with intellectual disabilities
- Authors:
- KIDDLE Hannah, DAGNAN Dave
- Journal article citation:
- Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 5(1), January 2011, pp.3-8.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
This paper provides a selective review of developmental risk factors relating to depression in typically developing adolescents and considers how the life experiences and the social context of adolescents with intellectual disability may increase their sensitivity to identified risk factors for depression. A number of factors are highlighted as important in the development of mental health problems including attachment, child temperament and parenting behaviour, and a number of risk factors specific to depression, including genetic vulnerability, parental depression, negative life events and peer relations. Many of these experiences are particularly prevalent in the lives of young people with intellectual disabilities. These include experience of the social stigma attached to intellectual disability, increased exposure to negative life-events, social and emotion recognition deficits, and increased rates of parental stress and associated depression. These life experiences and consequent increased susceptibility to risk factors may help explain the higher rate of depression in adolescents with intellectual disability. The authors suggest that a consideration of developmental factors and their interaction with the person’s social environment may offer a possible framework for prevention and early intervention with adolescents with intellectual disabilities.
A retrospective study of historical risk factors for pathological arson in adults with mild learning disabilities
- Authors:
- KELLY Julia, et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Forensic Practice, 11(2), July 2009, pp.17-23.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
This pilot study investigated three historical risk factors for pathological arson identified in Jackson's Only Viable Option theory (Jackson, 1994), which views the act as an adaptive response to circumstances that are difficult to tolerate and which the individual does not have the necessary skills to resolve by appropriate means. Twenty men with mild learning disabilities were recruited from inpatient forensic services. It was hypothesised that there would be a greater incidence of risk factors among individuals with an index offence of arson than those without, and that risk factors would significantly predict an index offence of arson. Significant differences were found between the groups for perceived inability to effect social change and childhood experiences of fire, but not for the family problems under investigation. However, the sample size was too small to draw reliable conclusions on the predictive ability of the risk factors. The findings suggest that perceived inability to effect social change and childhood experiences of fire are risk factors characteristic of men with learning disabilities who have set fires, lending support to elements of Jackson's theory and providing opportunities to develop evidence-based practice. However, the underlying causes of these risk-factor characteristics remain unclear. It is hoped that the present study will help inform the choice of risk factors under investigation and improve the design of a larger study.
What factors are related to a negative outcome of self-injurious behaviour during childhood in pervasive developmental disorders?
- Authors:
- BAGHDADLI A., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 21(1), March 2008, pp.142-149.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
This study aimed to explore the factors related to the outcome of self-injurious behaviour (SIB) in children with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). Children with PDD were assessed on individual and environmental variables at time 1 and 3 years later. A questionnaire about the presence or absence of SIB was also administered at both times in order to examine the early course of SIB. The findings suggest an association between a negative outcome and several aspects of the children’s behaviour. Children with a negative outcome differed from the others in having greater speech impairment, more cognitive and adaptive deficits, and more severe signs of autism. When these variables were entered into a multivariate model for predicting the outcome of SIB, only speech deficits and autism severity were significant risk factors. The importance of these findings for improving our understanding of SIB is discussed.