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Developing a screening tool for offenders with intellectual disabilities - the R.A.P.I.D
- Authors:
- Salma Ali, GALLOWAY Scott
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 7(3), 2016, pp.161-170.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to outline and report on the factors involved with developing a screening tool for offenders with suspected intellectual disability (ID). Design/methodology/approach: This paper summarises the wider literature in specific relation to screening tools and methodology, indicating that the need for quick and easy screening measures for this population are sparse. The findings reported in this paper outline the processes involved in developing an evidence-based screening tool for ID offenders in a specific service, and an overall pathway approach to the identification, assessment and diagnosis of ID. Findings: It is possible to develop a tool that can be used to identify ID with relative ease. The RAPID Screening tool provided practitioners with a simple and easy measure to identify such individuals so that they may be referred for further specialist assessment. The RAPID screening tool has demonstrated that it is an effective measure in identifying offenders with ID. Research limitations/implications: Formal statistical validation of this tool will serve to understand its overall effectiveness and strengthen its utility, further encouraging the timely identification of ID offenders. Originality/value: This paper responds to current extensive literature about the variability of screening measures, and provides an effective solution whereby vulnerable offenders can be identified easily, who may benefit from reasonable adjustments and alternatives to custodial sentencing where appropriate. (Publisher abstract)
Identifying offenders with an intellectual disability in detention in The Netherlands
- Authors:
- KAAL Hendrien L., NIJMAN Henk L.I., MOONEN Xavier M.H.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 6(2), 2015, pp.94-101.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: The Dutch Custodial Institutions Agency has commissioned a number of research projects on offenders with intellectual disabilities (ID) in prison. A continuing problem has been that it is not known what the prevalence of ID in Dutch prisons is, and how to identify ID in individual detainees. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach: With this in mind a screening instrument (screener for learning disabilities and intelligence (SCIL)) has been developed that screens for IQ < 85. This instrument has been piloted in four different penitentiary institutes. Findings: The papers briefly describes the results of the studies preceding the pilot before turning to the pilot itself. The pilot shed light on what considerations need to be taken into account when implement screening for ID in the current prison system, and on the potential added value for prison staff of knowing whether a detainee possibly has an ID. In addition, the pilot gave some insight into the characteristics of Dutch prisoners. Originality/value: The main conclusion is that the SCIL can be successfully implemented within these settings, provided that sufficient attention is being paid to the advance instructions to staff and to the introduction of the screening to the detainees. (Publisher abstract)
Diagnosing intellectual disability in a forensic sample: gender and age effects on the relationship between cognitive and adaptive functioning
- Author:
- HAYES Susan C.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 30(2), June 2005, pp.97-103.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
This study aims to examine gender and age effects on the relationship between adaptive behaviour and cognitive functioning in offenders with intellectual disabilities. The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) and the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT) were administered to 202 volunteer participants accused or convicted of crimes in Australia, 9% being of Australian indigenous background. The sample included males and females, juveniles and adults. Significant correlations were found between all subtests and domains on each instrument; for males under 18 years, correlations were lower, and significant correlations were absent between K-BIT Vocabulary and VABS subdomains and composite standard score for this group. The results conclude that generally there is convergence between assessment of adaptive behaviour and cognitive skills, across age ranges and for both genders. Caution is needed in interpreting test results for young male offenders with possible intellectual disability; repeat assessments are advisable for this group.
Differentiating between pathological demand avoidance and antisocial personality disorder: a case study
- Authors:
- TRUNDLE Grace, CRAIG Leam A., STRINGER Ian
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 8(1), 2017, pp.13-27.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the different clinical features of pathological demand avoidance (PDA) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) presented in the form of a single case study. The study highlights the potential of misdiagnosis and conceptual confusions to practitioners in forensic settings between the two conditions when working with offenders with personality disorders. Design/methodology/approach: A case formulation using the “five Ps” method based on the personal history of an incarcerated male is presented and the clinical similarities and differences between PDA and ASPD are delineated. These differences and similarities are evaluated and applied to offender management including intervention options. Findings: There are considerable similarities between ASPD and PDA making the two conditions difficult to separate. Both diagnostic criteria identify childhood behavioural problems, aggression, destructiveness, conduct disorder (CD), manipulation and non-compliance as indications of the disorder. For example, the criteria for later adult ASPD are the presence of childhood antisocial behaviour and CD. However, these behaviours may also be suggestive of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and non-compliance that are part of PDA. Violent behaviours and aggression can also be perceived in a similar way. Misdiagnosis of PDA as ASPD reduces the efficiency of treatment programmes. Originality/value: The implications of these findings could prove useful in the successful risk management of offenders with PDA. Given the similar behavioural characteristics between PDA and ASPD, the prevalence of PDA among offenders may be higher than observed. The aim of this study is to raise awareness of potential conceptual complications and clinical confusions between the two conditions with a view to aid offender management through case formulation. A large scale study into offenders with PDA would draw attention to the prevalence of the condition as well as its association with offending behaviour. (Publisher abstract)
Screening and diagnostic assessment of neurodevelopmental disorders in a male prison
- Authors:
- McCARTHY Jane, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 6(2), 2015, pp.102-111.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify neurodevelopmental disorders and difficulties (NDD) in a male prison. The study used standardised tools to carry out screening and diagnostic assessment of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID). Design/methodology/approach: The ADHD self-report scale, 20-item autism quotient and the Learning Disability Screening Questionnaire were used to screen 240 male prisoners. Prisoners who screened positive on one or more of these scales or self-reported a diagnosis of ADHD, ASD or ID were further assessed using the diagnostic interview for ADHD in adults, adapted Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and the Quick Test. Findings: Of the 87 prisoners who screened positive for NDD and were further assessed, 70 met the study’s diagnostic criteria for ADHD, ASD or ID. Most of those with NDD (51 per cent) had previously gone unrecognised and a high proportion (51 per cent) were identified through staff- or self-referral to the study. Originality/value: The study demonstrated that improving awareness and providing access to skilled, standardised assessment within a male prison can result in increased recognition and identification of NDD. (Publisher abstract)
The intellectually disabled offender: methodological problems in identification
- Author:
- MCBRIEN Judith
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 16(2), June 2003, pp.95-105.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Reliable evidence concerning the prevalence of intellectually disabled offenders that would inform the clinician's approach to the assessment and management of risk is in short supply. This paper aims to assist the clinician in interpreting the available evidence. A literature search was conducted for all years up to January 2003. Each study was first examined for the methods employed to define and measure intellectual disability. Then, the effect of this on prevalence estimates was considered. A wide range of methods has been used to ascertain the presence of intellectual disability - administrative definitions, psychiatric diagnosis, educational background, self-report and direct measurement of IQ and adaptive behaviour. Most studies reviewed used less than adequate ascertainment methods. Reliable answers to two key questions which offenders have intellectual disabilities and which people with intellectual disabilities offend, therefore remain elusive.