No One Knows is a UK-wide programme led by the Prison Reform Trust that aims to effect change by exploring and publicising the experiences of people with learning difficulties and learning disabilities who come into contact with the criminal justice system. The programme runs until October 2008, it is supported by The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund and is chaired by the Rt Hon the Baroness Joyce Quin, former Prisons Minster for England and Wales. This briefing paper outlines a larger review of prevalence and associated needs compiled to provide background information for No One Knows.
No One Knows is a UK-wide programme led by the Prison Reform Trust that aims to effect change by exploring and publicising the experiences of people with learning difficulties and learning disabilities who come into contact with the criminal justice system. The programme runs until October 2008, it is supported by The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund and is chaired by the Rt Hon the Baroness Joyce Quin, former Prisons Minster for England and Wales. This briefing paper outlines a larger review of prevalence and associated needs compiled to provide background information for No One Knows.
Subject terms:
learning disabilities, literature reviews, needs, offenders;
University of Leicester. Nuffield Community Care Studies Unit
Publication year:
1995
Pagination:
57p
Place of publication:
Leicester
The Health of the Nation document (1992) identified services for mentally disordered offenders (MDOs) as a priority problem. It is against this background that Leicestershire Health has asked for a literature review of services for this client category in order to inform the commissioning process. This review is chiefly concerned with the overall pattern of services which should be available for MDOs and does not include material specific to the technical skills of the various professionals who provide help for MDOs. For example, there is no discussion of the sorts of therapies which can be used for different sorts of offenders. It is assumed that such information will form part of individual professionals' own skills. Information is not given on specific client categories, such as women, ethnic minorities and people with learning disabilities, or on consumer views.
The Health of the Nation document (1992) identified services for mentally disordered offenders (MDOs) as a priority problem. It is against this background that Leicestershire Health has asked for a literature review of services for this client category in order to inform the commissioning process. This review is chiefly concerned with the overall pattern of services which should be available for MDOs and does not include material specific to the technical skills of the various professionals who provide help for MDOs. For example, there is no discussion of the sorts of therapies which can be used for different sorts of offenders. It is assumed that such information will form part of individual professionals' own skills. Information is not given on specific client categories, such as women, ethnic minorities and people with learning disabilities, or on consumer views.
Extended abstract:
Author:DREWETT Alison Title: A literature review of services for mentally disordered offenders Publisher: University of Leicester. Nuffield Community Care Studies Unit, 1995
Summary
This review is chiefly concerned with the overall pattern of services which should be available for mentally disordered offenders (MDOs), and does not include material specific to the technical skills of the various professionals who provide help for MDOs. For example, there is no discussion of the sorts of therapies which can be used for different sorts of offenders. It is assumed that such information will form part of individual professionals' own skills. Information is not given on specific client categories, such as women, ethnic minorities and people with learning disabilities, or on consumer views.
Context
The Health of the Nation document (1992) identified services for mentally disordered offenders (MDOs) as a priority problem. It is against this background that Leicestershire Health asked for a literature review of services for this client category in order to inform the commissioning process.
Contents
The introduction gives the background and explains how the review was carried out, concentrating chiefly on collecting unpublished and less readily available information (‘grey literature') from the varied agencies which purchase and provide services for this client category. Section 2 discusses numbers of mentally disordered offenders and the psychiatric needs of prisoners, those in contact with the probation service, those taken to police stations, and all offenders. Section 3 is about multi-agency working, discussing the problems and concluding that many agencies are now engaging in a multi-disciplinary approach and authorities are beginning to try to identify what works. The following chapters examine some of the services being put in place. Section 4 is on diverting MDOs, asking why this is done, describing where diversion takes place and the numbers identified and diversion schemes, and discussing effectiveness. Secure accommodation for mentally disordered offenders is discussed in Section 5: prisons, special hospitals, regional secure units, and psychiatric wards, ending with service developments in providing a coherent secure service and assessing risk. Section 6 covers community care for MDOs, with sections on training and service problems. The publication concludes that although the principle of providing health care instead of punishment for MDOs is not new, coherent health and social care is not available for all in the UK , and the level depends very much on where they live. Agencies must work together. The comparatively few offenders presenting serious danger tend to distort responses, with the risk of resources being concentrated on them at the expense of the far more numerous others. Some psychopaths may not receive any health care because they are considered untreatable. All parts are interdependent and repercussions of neglect will be felt elsewhere. While, in theory, there is a push towards helping all types of clients have access to generic services, there is nevertheless some call for specific services staffed by for generic professionals.those trained to help MDOs – as if, in practice, generic services were not answering. Given the scale of need, services are unlikely to be able to given all the help all MDOs need, so there must be a balance between providing highly specialised services on the one hand and, on the other, educating staff in generic services so that they are able to respond to the needs of MDOs. Specialist staff should be available in an advisory capacity
64 references
Subject terms:
learning disabilities, literature reviews, mental health services, mentally disordered offenders;
Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(2), 2018, pp.e182-e200.
Publisher:
Wiley
Background: The quality of life (QOL) of people with intellectual disability living in supported accommodation services is variable, influenced by many possible factors. Various frameworks have attempted to identify these factors without assigning value, direction of influence or relative impact on outcomes. Methods: A realist review of the literature aimed to expose different propositions about variables influencing QOL outcomes and review the strength of supporting evidence for these, to identify their relative influence. Evidence was reviewed for and against each of five clusters. Results: Evidence was strongest for the presence of staff practices (use of Active Support), front-line management practice (use of practice leadership), culture (enabling and motivating), human resources policies and practice (that support front-line leaders and recruitment of staff with the right values), adequate resources, and small, dispersed and homelike settings. Conclusions: The evidence informs policy and practice but in some clusters remains limited, warranting further research which measures outcomes on all QOL domains.
(Publisher abstract)
Background: The quality of life (QOL) of people with intellectual disability living in supported accommodation services is variable, influenced by many possible factors. Various frameworks have attempted to identify these factors without assigning value, direction of influence or relative impact on outcomes. Methods: A realist review of the literature aimed to expose different propositions about variables influencing QOL outcomes and review the strength of supporting evidence for these, to identify their relative influence. Evidence was reviewed for and against each of five clusters. Results: Evidence was strongest for the presence of staff practices (use of Active Support), front-line management practice (use of practice leadership), culture (enabling and motivating), human resources policies and practice (that support front-line leaders and recruitment of staff with the right values), adequate resources, and small, dispersed and homelike settings. Conclusions: The evidence informs policy and practice but in some clusters remains limited, warranting further research which measures outcomes on all QOL domains.
(Publisher abstract)
Subject terms:
supported housing, learning disabilities, quality of life, outcomes, literature reviews;
The proposed duty on the public sector to promote disability equality will require employers to take action in areas which are currently under-developed such as: involving disabled staff; training and awareness raising; monitoring disability within the workforce and among job applicants; and taking an organisation-wide strategic approach. Guidance needs to convince employers of the value to them of taking action, involving a prior understanding of what motivates them to change.
The proposed duty on the public sector to promote disability equality will require employers to take action in areas which are currently under-developed such as: involving disabled staff; training and awareness raising; monitoring disability within the workforce and among job applicants; and taking an organisation-wide strategic approach. Guidance needs to convince employers of the value to them of taking action, involving a prior understanding of what motivates them to change.
Extended abstract:
Author:
HIRST Michael; et al.;
Title
The employment of disabled people in the public sector: a review of data and literature. Publisher
University of York. Social Policy Research Unit, 2004
Summary
This review, in summer 2004, covers recent trends in public sector employment, employment circumstances and characteristics of disabled public sector employees, research on employers' attitudes and practices in employment of disabled people, sickness absence, disabled people's employment experiences, the role of services in promoting employment in the public sector, and evidence from employers' documentation of effective policies and practices.
Context
The proposed duty on the public sector to promote disability equality will require employers to take action in areas which are currently under-developed such as: involving disabled staff; training and awareness raising; monitoring disability within the workforce and among job applicants; and taking an organisation-wide strategic approach. Guidance needs to convince employers of the value to them of taking action, involving a prior understanding of what motivates them to change.
Contents
Chapters 2 and 3 draw on secondary analysis of the Labour Force Survey (LFS). Chapter 2 describes trends in the number and proportion of disabled people employed in the public sector in Great Britain from spring 1998 to spring 2003. Chapter 3 uses the most recently available LFS data to describe the employment circumstances and characteristics of disabled public sector employees. In both chapters data are presented on disabled compared with non-disabled employees in the public sector only. Chapters 4-7 summarise the available published research literature on the employment of disabled people in the public sector in Great Britain . Much of the literature in the field of employment and disabled people was already known to the research team, as a consequence of having undertaken searches for several previous reviews as well as being active researchers in the field. Existing knowledge was up-dated and extended by searches on Academic Search Premier (EBSCO), selected academic publishers websites, government and industry websites, media databases and library databases. It is important to note that almost no British research literature specifically on the topic of public sector employment of disabled people was found through searches. To identify material of relevance to the review it was necessary to trawl through the literature on the wider topic of employment of disabled people. As will be explained further, it was sometimes found necessary to present the wider context to the findings relating to the public sector.
Chapter 4 reports the research on the attitudes and employment practices of public sector organisations. Chapter 5 looks at sickness absence among disabled people and employer perceptions that they will take more sick leave, examines recent evidence on sickness absence in the public sector and reports findings of an important analysis that takes account of sector in characteristics associated with increased risk of job loss. Chapter 6 reviews the limited literature on the public sector employment experiences of disabled people, people with chronic and mental health conditions, and deaf people. Chapter 7 examines research on practical interventions, such as government programmes, to improve the chances for disabled people to enter, retain and progress in public sector jobs. It should be noted that there is no uniformity in how ‘disabled people' is defined in the studies reviewed. Wherever possible the definitions used in the studies are used. It should also be noted that the scope of some surveys extends to include Northern Ireland . Chapter 8 presents findings from a trawl of public sector employers to identify effective employment policies and practices based on their own documentation. Chapter 9 concludes with the main messages from the research and recommendations to the DRC.
Conclusion
It is encouraging to find, from the analysis of the LFS, rather few apparent differences in the characteristics of disabled and non-disabled employees in the public sector, though disparities in earnings and occupying senior positions need further investigation and when the quality of employment is considered disabled employees in certain sub-sectors of the public sector are disadvantaged. It is also encouraging that the public sector outperforms the private sector in some respects, though it is hard to explain why. The proposed duty on the public sector to promote disability equality will require employers to take action in areas which are currently under-developed such as: involving disabled staff; training and awareness raising; monitoring disability within the workforce and among job applicants; and taking an organisation-wide strategic approach. Guidance needs to convince employers of the value to them of taking action, involving a prior understanding of what motivates them to change. Development work might include further investigation of effective practice through equality, diversity and disability networks and recipients of award and accreditations. At the same time, steps must be taken to counter misunderstandings about disability, with active campaigning to educate the public about disability in general and legislation on disability in particular, and specifically to promote awareness of which conditions are included under the DDA and help to dispel myths about employing disabled people. There is scope for further analysis of the LFS to fill gaps in knowledge: multivariate analysis to investigate reasons for the reported differences between disabled and non-disabled employees, with priority given to pay differentials; comparison of disabled people's employment experiences across sectors, to provide the context within which to evaluate and interpret findings related to the public sector; longitudinal analysis to explore employment trajectories of disabled people, including movements in and out of the public sector; and longitudinal analysis to investigate in more detail the finding that public sector employees have a lower risk of leaving employment following onset of disability compared with those working in other industry divisions. There is a role for the DRC to influence the design of further research to introduce consistency in the definition of the public sector and in survey design so that the impact of the public sector duty can be tracked over time. There is a need for research that establishes what leads to change and which takes account of the perspectives of disabled and non-disabled staff in different positions within public sector employing organisations.
54 references
ISBN 0 9549327 0 6
Subject terms:
learning disabilities, literature reviews, physical disabilities, public sector, employment;
A web-based briefing providing a concise summary of the current knowledge base on transition of young people with physical disabilities or chronic illnesses from children's to adults' services. Coverage includes ethical considerations, views of service users and carers, innovative practice examples and implications for practice. Also highlights additional contacts and resources. The Briefing was commissioned by the Social Care Institute for Excellence (SCIE). The latest edition of this Briefing was produced in April 2005 and the next updated is due in April 2006.
A web-based briefing providing a concise summary of the current knowledge base on transition of young people with physical disabilities or chronic illnesses from children's to adults' services. Coverage includes ethical considerations, views of service users and carers, innovative practice examples and implications for practice. Also highlights additional contacts and resources. The Briefing was commissioned by the Social Care Institute for Excellence (SCIE). The latest edition of this Briefing was produced in April 2005 and the next updated is due in April 2006.
Subject terms:
learning disabilities, literature reviews, short break care, user views, children, families;
A web-based briefing providing a concise summary of the current knowledge base on access to primary care services for people with learning difficulties. Coverage includes ethical considerations, views of service users and carers, innovative practice examples and implications for practice. Also highlights additional contacts and additional resources. The briefing was commissioned by the Social Care Institute for Excellence (SCIE). The latest edition of this briefing was produced in April 2005 and the next update is due in April 2006.
A web-based briefing providing a concise summary of the current knowledge base on access to primary care services for people with learning difficulties. Coverage includes ethical considerations, views of service users and carers, innovative practice examples and implications for practice. Also highlights additional contacts and additional resources. The briefing was commissioned by the Social Care Institute for Excellence (SCIE). The latest edition of this briefing was produced in April 2005 and the next update is due in April 2006.
Subject terms:
learning disabilities, literature reviews, user views, access to services, health care, primary care;
Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 35(1), 2022, pp.88-111.
Publisher:
Wiley
Background: the researchers conducted a rapid scoping review to identify how inclusive research teams use technology during the research process that could support remote collaboration during public health emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: the researchers searched three databases and conducted a hand search. Two independent reviewers screened 1498 abstracts and titles for inclusion criteria; 81 full text articles were further reviewed; 47 were included. The researchers extracted information about each type of technology, categorised technology used during the research process, and documented described accommodations. Results; the researchers identified 47 articles and 94 examples of technologies used by people with intellectual and developmental disabilities throughout the research process: team formation and team function (38), data collection (19), data analysis (17) and dissemination (20). Conclusions: Technology use by team members with intellectual and developmental disabilities demonstrates promise for remote research collaborations during public health and climate emergencies and teams with members living in diverse locations.
(Edited publisher abstract)
Background: the researchers conducted a rapid scoping review to identify how inclusive research teams use technology during the research process that could support remote collaboration during public health emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: the researchers searched three databases and conducted a hand search. Two independent reviewers screened 1498 abstracts and titles for inclusion criteria; 81 full text articles were further reviewed; 47 were included. The researchers extracted information about each type of technology, categorised technology used during the research process, and documented described accommodations. Results; the researchers identified 47 articles and 94 examples of technologies used by people with intellectual and developmental disabilities throughout the research process: team formation and team function (38), data collection (19), data analysis (17) and dissemination (20). Conclusions: Technology use by team members with intellectual and developmental disabilities demonstrates promise for remote research collaborations during public health and climate emergencies and teams with members living in diverse locations.
(Edited publisher abstract)
Subject terms:
learning disabilities, collaboration, literature reviews, social inclusion, participatory research, digital technology, research methods;
Background: People with an intellectual disability are a vulnerable group during COVID-19 due to multi-morbidity, frailty, underlying conditions/health problems, social circumstances and limitations in understanding. This places them at greater risk of more severe outcomes from COVID-19. Objective: To chart the evidence of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with intellectual disability and their carers reported in the research. Methods: A scoping review method was used to review literature published across eight databases in 2020 and included manual searches of reference lists of included articles. Results: Sixteen studies were selected for inclusion. The findings highlight that professionals, people with intellectual disability and their carers were keen to comply with pandemic related public health guidance. However, implementing infection prevention and control measures in certain contexts for people with intellectual disability was challenging. Thereby a rights-based, person-centred approach to care is essential and professionals need to extend their understanding and practice of collaborative working to include people with intellectual disability and their family/carers. The findings highlight that compliance with public health guidance and infection control measures can be difficult for people with intellectual disability to implement. Conclusions: There is limited good quality robust research on COVID-19 and people with intellectual disability and/or their carers experiences.
(Edited publisher abstract)
Background: People with an intellectual disability are a vulnerable group during COVID-19 due to multi-morbidity, frailty, underlying conditions/health problems, social circumstances and limitations in understanding. This places them at greater risk of more severe outcomes from COVID-19. Objective: To chart the evidence of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with intellectual disability and their carers reported in the research. Methods: A scoping review method was used to review literature published across eight databases in 2020 and included manual searches of reference lists of included articles. Results: Sixteen studies were selected for inclusion. The findings highlight that professionals, people with intellectual disability and their carers were keen to comply with pandemic related public health guidance. However, implementing infection prevention and control measures in certain contexts for people with intellectual disability was challenging. Thereby a rights-based, person-centred approach to care is essential and professionals need to extend their understanding and practice of collaborative working to include people with intellectual disability and their family/carers. The findings highlight that compliance with public health guidance and infection control measures can be difficult for people with intellectual disability to implement. Conclusions: There is limited good quality robust research on COVID-19 and people with intellectual disability and/or their carers experiences.
(Edited publisher abstract)
Subject terms:
literature reviews, Covid-19, learning disabilities, carers, user views, carer views;
EMBREGTS Petri J.C.M., NIJS Sara, VAN OORSOUW Wietske
Journal article citation:
Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, early cite 2 April 2021,
Publisher:
Taylor and Francis
Background: One would assume that infection outbreaks such as the COVID-19 pandemic have a deleterious effect upon the physical, mental, and/or social functioning of people with intellectual disabilities (ID). Methods: A systematic search of four databases produced 18 articles. General information pertaining to the topics under consideration, information related to infectious diseases and ID were extracted. Results: All but one of the studies investigated the impact of infection outbreaks on the physical functioning of people with ID. Although in some instances certain studies briefly reflected on the impact of infection outbreaks on mental or social functioning, there was no empirical data available. Conclusions: There is scarce scientific knowledge on the impact of infection outbreaks on the mental and social functioning of people with ID. This underscores the exigency for further psychosocial research to both explore the impact of infection outbreaks and develop strategies to deal with them in the future.
(Edited publisher abstract)
Background: One would assume that infection outbreaks such as the COVID-19 pandemic have a deleterious effect upon the physical, mental, and/or social functioning of people with intellectual disabilities (ID). Methods: A systematic search of four databases produced 18 articles. General information pertaining to the topics under consideration, information related to infectious diseases and ID were extracted. Results: All but one of the studies investigated the impact of infection outbreaks on the physical functioning of people with ID. Although in some instances certain studies briefly reflected on the impact of infection outbreaks on mental or social functioning, there was no empirical data available. Conclusions: There is scarce scientific knowledge on the impact of infection outbreaks on the mental and social functioning of people with ID. This underscores the exigency for further psychosocial research to both explore the impact of infection outbreaks and develop strategies to deal with them in the future.
(Edited publisher abstract)
Subject terms:
literature reviews, infection control, Covid-19, learning disabilities, mental health, health;
Health and Social Care in the Community, 27(4), 2019, pp.e125-e142.
Publisher:
Wiley
This paper reports the findings of a scoping review designed to identify research which has explored the relationship between cognitive impairment, such as brain injuries or learning disabilities and homelessness. A systematic search of databases for articles published between 2007 and 2017 was conducted using keywords relating to cognitive impairments and homelessness. Sources were expanded using manual searches of citations and grey literature. Forty studies represented in 45 papers were selected for review using predefined inclusion criteria. Sources were subject to quality appraisal and data were extracted in line with review questions. Prevalence studies were over‐represented in the review, while qualitative data were lacking. Aetiology of impairments was delineated by acquired and developmental causes. A variety of measures were employed by studies which were not validated in homeless populations. Studies did not give sufficient consideration to co‐occurring disorders and overlapping symptoms between aetiologies. Because of these factors, it was difficult to conclude that all studies had accurately measured what they set out to; however, the evidence suggested that cognitive impairment was disproportionately over‐represented in homeless populations. Cognitive impairment was found to be both a risk factor to and perpetuator of homelessness. Risk factors for homelessness were similar to those of the general population, though exaggerated by sequelae of certain cognitive impairments. The results of this review suggest that more attention needs to be paid to the underlying socioeconomic disadvantages, persons with cognitive impairments face which may lead to homelessness. Further research should prioritise the voice of homeless persons with cognitive impairments, to better understand both causes of homelessness and effective methods of rehabilitation.
(Publisher abstract)
This paper reports the findings of a scoping review designed to identify research which has explored the relationship between cognitive impairment, such as brain injuries or learning disabilities and homelessness. A systematic search of databases for articles published between 2007 and 2017 was conducted using keywords relating to cognitive impairments and homelessness. Sources were expanded using manual searches of citations and grey literature. Forty studies represented in 45 papers were selected for review using predefined inclusion criteria. Sources were subject to quality appraisal and data were extracted in line with review questions. Prevalence studies were over‐represented in the review, while qualitative data were lacking. Aetiology of impairments was delineated by acquired and developmental causes. A variety of measures were employed by studies which were not validated in homeless populations. Studies did not give sufficient consideration to co‐occurring disorders and overlapping symptoms between aetiologies. Because of these factors, it was difficult to conclude that all studies had accurately measured what they set out to; however, the evidence suggested that cognitive impairment was disproportionately over‐represented in homeless populations. Cognitive impairment was found to be both a risk factor to and perpetuator of homelessness. Risk factors for homelessness were similar to those of the general population, though exaggerated by sequelae of certain cognitive impairments. The results of this review suggest that more attention needs to be paid to the underlying socioeconomic disadvantages, persons with cognitive impairments face which may lead to homelessness. Further research should prioritise the voice of homeless persons with cognitive impairments, to better understand both causes of homelessness and effective methods of rehabilitation.
(Publisher abstract)
Subject terms:
homelessness, cognitive impairment, literature reviews, risk, learning disabilities, head injuries;