Search results for ‘Subject term:"learning disabilities"’ Sort:
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Cognitive impairment and homelessness: a scoping review
- Authors:
- STONE Beth, DOWLING Sandra, CAMERON Ailsa
- Journal article citation:
- Health and Social Care in the Community, 27(4), 2019, pp.e125-e142.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
This paper reports the findings of a scoping review designed to identify research which has explored the relationship between cognitive impairment, such as brain injuries or learning disabilities and homelessness. A systematic search of databases for articles published between 2007 and 2017 was conducted using keywords relating to cognitive impairments and homelessness. Sources were expanded using manual searches of citations and grey literature. Forty studies represented in 45 papers were selected for review using predefined inclusion criteria. Sources were subject to quality appraisal and data were extracted in line with review questions. Prevalence studies were over‐represented in the review, while qualitative data were lacking. Aetiology of impairments was delineated by acquired and developmental causes. A variety of measures were employed by studies which were not validated in homeless populations. Studies did not give sufficient consideration to co‐occurring disorders and overlapping symptoms between aetiologies. Because of these factors, it was difficult to conclude that all studies had accurately measured what they set out to; however, the evidence suggested that cognitive impairment was disproportionately over‐represented in homeless populations. Cognitive impairment was found to be both a risk factor to and perpetuator of homelessness. Risk factors for homelessness were similar to those of the general population, though exaggerated by sequelae of certain cognitive impairments. The results of this review suggest that more attention needs to be paid to the underlying socioeconomic disadvantages, persons with cognitive impairments face which may lead to homelessness. Further research should prioritise the voice of homeless persons with cognitive impairments, to better understand both causes of homelessness and effective methods of rehabilitation. (Publisher abstract)
Cybervictimization of young people with an intellectual or developmental disability: risks specific to sexual solicitation
- Authors:
- NORMAND Claude L., SALLAFRANQUE-St LOUIS François
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 29(2), 2016, pp.99-110.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Background: Studies demonstrate that youth are vulnerable to online sexual solicitation. However, no study has estimated this risk for youth diagnosed with an intellectual or developmental disability (IDD). Methods: A literature review of the risk factors associated with online sexual solicitation in youths was done using electronic databases, such as PsychInFO, ERIC, MEDLINE and Scopus. Results: Fifty-seven published papers were found relevant. However, only two pertained to the population with IDD. Sexual and physical abuse, social isolation, loneliness, depression, and chatting were found to increase the risk of being prey to sexual solicitation on the Internet. Many of these risk factors are even more prevalent in youth with IDD than in the general population. Conclusion: Recommendations are made for future research to help understand and prevent sexual cybersolicitation. (Publisher abstract)
Assessing risks arising from challenging behaviours: a model and a brief review of existing resources
- Author:
- TURTON Raistrick W.
- Journal article citation:
- Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 8(1), 2014, pp.32-42.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: Challenging behaviours are defined in part by the risks of harm they present and the support of individuals who challenge would be improved with effective assessments of the risks posed by challenging behaviours. The purpose of this paper is to outline a model of risk assessment and review literature that provides relevant information. Design/methodology/approach: Literature review. Findings: Forensic risk assessment has a well worked-out and validated approach but tools used to assess challenging behaviours are not effective risk predictors. Applied Behaviour Assessment provides methods that can be more effectively used for risk assessment. Practical implications: There is a need to develop valid risk assessment procedures for assessing the risks presented by challenging behaviours. Originality/value: This is a fresh perspective on risk assessment in relation to challenging behaviours. (Publisher abstract)
Early intervention and prevention of self-injurious behaviour exhibited by young children with developmental disabilities
- Author:
- RICHMAN D. M.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52(1), January 2008, pp.3-17.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
The ontogeny of self-injurious behaviour exhibited by young children with developmental delays or disabilities is due to a complex interaction between neurobiological and environmental variables. In this paper, the literature on emerging self-injury in the developmental disability population is reviewed with a focus on an operant conceptual model of how topographies of self-injurious behaviour can change structurally and become sensitive to various environmental consequences. Results of previous studies are reviewed in terms of extending our research focus from a reactive model of assessment and treatment of well-established cases of self-injury to an early intervention and prevention model.
Literature review : measuring and managing risk in social welfare
- Authors:
- ALASZEWSKI Andy, MANTHORPE Jill
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Social Work, 21(3), June 1991, pp.277-290.
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
Examines the development of services for children at risk of abuse, people with a learning difficulty and drug misusers and the related problems of assessing and managing risk.
Prevalence and psychological sequelae of sexual abuse among individuals with an intellectual disability: a review of the recent literature
- Author:
- BYRNE Gary
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 22(3), 2018, pp.294-310.
- Publisher:
- Sage
- Place of publication:
- London
The impact of sexual abuse among those with an intellectual disability is an area in need of further research. The current article provides an in-depth narrative review of the sexual abuse literature relevant to individuals with an intellectual disability. The 29 articles included in this study focused on (a) the prevalence of sexual abuse, (b) the risk factors associated with this population, and (c) the psychological impact of abuse. The findings confirmed that children and adults with an intellectual disability are at a higher risk of sexual abuse than nondisabled peers. Research regarding risk factors is equivocal, with a range of possible factors indicated. Similarly, evidence suggests that there is no single diagnostic trajectory when dealing with the sequelae of sexual abuse among those with an intellectual disability. The article concludes by discussing recommendations for future research and development of policy around this area. (Publisher abstract)
Alcohol and illicit drug misuse in people with learning disabilities: implications for research and service development
- Authors:
- TAGGART Laurence, HUXLEY Adam, BAKER Gill
- Journal article citation:
- Advances in Mental Health and Learning Disabilities, 2(1), March 2008, pp.11-21.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
This paper offers readers a review of the literature on alcohol and illicit drug misuse in people with learning disabilities, focusing on six key areas. First, clarity is provided on the definition of ‘misuse’. Second, prevalence rates are examined along with the methodological difficulties involved in such studies, the authors arguing that prevalence rates are higher than current estimates. Third, the authors explore the relationship between the intra- and inter-personal risk factors. Fourth, the nature of substance misuse is explored, with a focus on offending behaviour. Fifth, a range of treatment modalities are described with a series of recommendations for more robust evidence-based interventions. Last, the authors explore the gaps in policy that lead to a dearth in service provision as well the barriers which people with learning disabilities face on entering treatment services. The paper cites four more innovative projects that address this population’s needs in England, and illustrates how Northern Ireland has positioned the needs of this hidden population within the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety (Northern Ireland).
Aspects of cognitive functioning in adults with intellectual disabilities
- Authors:
- PERKINS Elizabeth A., SMALL Brent J.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 3(3), September 2006, pp.181-194.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
This literature review examines age-related differences in specific aspects of cognitive functioning and cognitive performance of people with ID and Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as what maybe be protective and risk factors. Training interventions designed to enhance cognitive performance are also reviewed. The authors note that greater efforts are needed with respect to delineating the function and deficits in cognitive domains within aging adults. Methodological issues that merit further attention includes utilizing appropriate age ranges and assessment of intra-individual variability in statistical analysis of cognitive performance. While, consideration should be given to the continued development of specific cognitive tasks and tests that have been developed, validated, and normed for this population, there is still a critical need for more longitudinal data with multiple time points, to assess and track trajectories of change over time, especially as cohort effects of residential living, and educational and vocational opportunities have varied so widely over the last 30 years, and are likely to be a substantial confounding factor. Furthermore, efforts need to ensure that instruments continue to be developed with specificity and sensitivity to detect pathological deficits in AD-related performance. Lastly, greater research attention is warranted to describe and meet the needs of the burgeoning aging population of people with ID. This will ultimately guide policy makers to develop better practice protocols to maximize cognitive function in normative and pathological aging.
A systematic review of cognitive decline in the general elderly population
- Authors:
- PARK Helen L., O'CONNELL Janice O., THOMSON Richard G.
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(12), December 2003, pp.1121-1134.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
The aim was to establish the rate of age-related cognitive decline in the general elderly population. Systematic review of studies of cognitive decline in the general elderly population. Medline, Embase and PsycINFO databases were searched using an adapted version of McMaster's aetiology, causation and harm strategies and the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Group strategy. Grey literature was explored and experts contacted. A second observer was involved at all stages and quality appraisal of included studies was performed. Included studies were representative, community-based, cohort studies of people aged over 60, incorporating individuals with dementia. Identification of 5990 abstracts and retrieval of 163 full texts led to inclusion of 19 papers. Heterogeneity made narrative review the appropriate method of data synthesis. Some degree of cognitive impairment with increasing age was found in all studies, although the extent varied. The prevalence of cognitive impairment and the rate of decline increased with age. Studies were of variable quality. Cognitive decline is almost universal in the general elderly population and increases with age. Improved communication between researchers and between clinicians to identify a core minimum data set of neuropsychological tests that could be used in different populations would support consistent study design and meta-analysis, helping to quantify the true rate of cognitive decline in the elderly and assisting diagnosis in clinical practice.
Learning difficulties
- Author:
- WARD Linda
- Journal article citation:
- Research Matters, 9, April 2000, pp.28-30.
- Publisher:
- Community Care
The difficult task of balancing the right of people with learning difficulties to live in the community with the risks involved in doing so has exercised professionals in the field for many years. Describes recent research which examined the development of policies and practices in risk assessment and risk management.