Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 22(3), 2018, pp.213-232.
Publisher:
Sage
Place of publication:
London
This article summarizes a review of empirical literature from 2000 to 2015 that involved the use of specific portable technology to support persons with an intellectual disability in completing work-related tasks. Nineteen studies were identified for review, with an emphasis on the identification of (a) the characteristics of participants and settings, (b) the types of portable technology and prompting formats used, (c) the research designs utilized, (d) the independent and dependent variables, (e) the measures of reliability and validity, and (f) the overall effectiveness of the interventions. The authors provide an interpretation of the findings as well as the implications of the results and recommended areas for future research.
(Publisher abstract)
This article summarizes a review of empirical literature from 2000 to 2015 that involved the use of specific portable technology to support persons with an intellectual disability in completing work-related tasks. Nineteen studies were identified for review, with an emphasis on the identification of (a) the characteristics of participants and settings, (b) the types of portable technology and prompting formats used, (c) the research designs utilized, (d) the independent and dependent variables, (e) the measures of reliability and validity, and (f) the overall effectiveness of the interventions. The authors provide an interpretation of the findings as well as the implications of the results and recommended areas for future research.
(Publisher abstract)
Subject terms:
assistive technology, learning disabilities, employment, literature reviews, young adults;
Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 43(3), 2018, pp.317-327.
Publisher:
Taylor and Francis
Background: Employment rates for Australians with an intellectual disability remain low. Effective evidence-based strategies are required to guide future interventions, to enable people with intellectual disability achieve better employment outcomes. Methods: A literature search of peer-reviewed articles published between 2001 and 2015 was conducted using four electronic databases. Articles were reviewed and sorted according to employment setting and type of support provided. Results: Twenty-two studies were identified. Four studies of open employment examined workplace level strategies and 17 investigated individual level strategies. A single study of supported employment examined individual level change. Results suggested potential strategies that can be utilised to support people with intellectual disability obtain and maintain employment. Conclusions: Existing evidence regarding open employment for people with intellectual disabilities could be enhanced through the conduct of rigorous outcomes-focused studies that attend to specific strategies at both individual and organisation levels.
(Edited publisher abstract)
Background: Employment rates for Australians with an intellectual disability remain low. Effective evidence-based strategies are required to guide future interventions, to enable people with intellectual disability achieve better employment outcomes. Methods: A literature search of peer-reviewed articles published between 2001 and 2015 was conducted using four electronic databases. Articles were reviewed and sorted according to employment setting and type of support provided. Results: Twenty-two studies were identified. Four studies of open employment examined workplace level strategies and 17 investigated individual level strategies. A single study of supported employment examined individual level change. Results suggested potential strategies that can be utilised to support people with intellectual disability obtain and maintain employment. Conclusions: Existing evidence regarding open employment for people with intellectual disabilities could be enhanced through the conduct of rigorous outcomes-focused studies that attend to specific strategies at both individual and organisation levels.
(Edited publisher abstract)
Subject terms:
employment, learning disabilities, literature reviews, intervention, supported employment;
Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 13(3), 2016, pp.205-216.
Publisher:
Wiley
The aim of this study was to explore existing research evidence regarding job satisfaction of people with intellectual disabilities in integrated and sheltered employment settings, and its associated factors. A systematic and comprehensive literature search revealed 13 relevant studies that were examined. Results indicated that people with intellectual disabilities in integrated employment and sheltered employment generally report satisfaction with their jobs. Satisfaction levels appear to be higher in integrated employment. Furthermore it was found that characteristics of the employee and of the employment setting were associated with job satisfaction, as well as social relations, support, and the fit between the employees’ needs and the work environment. Advancements can be made with respect to policy and practice of employment of people with intellectual disabilities. To improve their job satisfaction the authors suggest an integrative approach, taking into account that job satisfaction is an interplay between personal, situational, and social-cognitive characteristics. This is reflected in current theoretical frameworks in general job satisfaction literature. Future research on job satisfaction of people with intellectual disabilities could profit from developments in general job satisfaction literature and in addition take account of factors particularly relevant to people with intellectual disabilities, the possible impact of comparison processes, and the development of sound measurement methods. Finally, the authors advocate for greater insight and involvement of people with intellectual disabilities in career related matters, to enhance their self-determination and motivation and increase satisfaction.
(Edited publisher abstract)
The aim of this study was to explore existing research evidence regarding job satisfaction of people with intellectual disabilities in integrated and sheltered employment settings, and its associated factors. A systematic and comprehensive literature search revealed 13 relevant studies that were examined. Results indicated that people with intellectual disabilities in integrated employment and sheltered employment generally report satisfaction with their jobs. Satisfaction levels appear to be higher in integrated employment. Furthermore it was found that characteristics of the employee and of the employment setting were associated with job satisfaction, as well as social relations, support, and the fit between the employees’ needs and the work environment. Advancements can be made with respect to policy and practice of employment of people with intellectual disabilities. To improve their job satisfaction the authors suggest an integrative approach, taking into account that job satisfaction is an interplay between personal, situational, and social-cognitive characteristics. This is reflected in current theoretical frameworks in general job satisfaction literature. Future research on job satisfaction of people with intellectual disabilities could profit from developments in general job satisfaction literature and in addition take account of factors particularly relevant to people with intellectual disabilities, the possible impact of comparison processes, and the development of sound measurement methods. Finally, the authors advocate for greater insight and involvement of people with intellectual disabilities in career related matters, to enhance their self-determination and motivation and increase satisfaction.
(Edited publisher abstract)
Subject terms:
job satisfaction, sheltered employment, learning disabilities, employment, literature reviews;
The proposed duty on the public sector to promote disability equality will require employers to take action in areas which are currently under-developed such as: involving disabled staff; training and awareness raising; monitoring disability within the workforce and among job applicants; and taking an organisation-wide strategic approach. Guidance needs to convince employers of the value to them of taking action, involving a prior understanding of what motivates them to change.
The proposed duty on the public sector to promote disability equality will require employers to take action in areas which are currently under-developed such as: involving disabled staff; training and awareness raising; monitoring disability within the workforce and among job applicants; and taking an organisation-wide strategic approach. Guidance needs to convince employers of the value to them of taking action, involving a prior understanding of what motivates them to change.
Extended abstract:
Author:
HIRST Michael; et al.;
Title
The employment of disabled people in the public sector: a review of data and literature. Publisher
University of York. Social Policy Research Unit, 2004
Summary
This review, in summer 2004, covers recent trends in public sector employment, employment circumstances and characteristics of disabled public sector employees, research on employers' attitudes and practices in employment of disabled people, sickness absence, disabled people's employment experiences, the role of services in promoting employment in the public sector, and evidence from employers' documentation of effective policies and practices.
Context
The proposed duty on the public sector to promote disability equality will require employers to take action in areas which are currently under-developed such as: involving disabled staff; training and awareness raising; monitoring disability within the workforce and among job applicants; and taking an organisation-wide strategic approach. Guidance needs to convince employers of the value to them of taking action, involving a prior understanding of what motivates them to change.
Contents
Chapters 2 and 3 draw on secondary analysis of the Labour Force Survey (LFS). Chapter 2 describes trends in the number and proportion of disabled people employed in the public sector in Great Britain from spring 1998 to spring 2003. Chapter 3 uses the most recently available LFS data to describe the employment circumstances and characteristics of disabled public sector employees. In both chapters data are presented on disabled compared with non-disabled employees in the public sector only. Chapters 4-7 summarise the available published research literature on the employment of disabled people in the public sector in Great Britain . Much of the literature in the field of employment and disabled people was already known to the research team, as a consequence of having undertaken searches for several previous reviews as well as being active researchers in the field. Existing knowledge was up-dated and extended by searches on Academic Search Premier (EBSCO), selected academic publishers websites, government and industry websites, media databases and library databases. It is important to note that almost no British research literature specifically on the topic of public sector employment of disabled people was found through searches. To identify material of relevance to the review it was necessary to trawl through the literature on the wider topic of employment of disabled people. As will be explained further, it was sometimes found necessary to present the wider context to the findings relating to the public sector.
Chapter 4 reports the research on the attitudes and employment practices of public sector organisations. Chapter 5 looks at sickness absence among disabled people and employer perceptions that they will take more sick leave, examines recent evidence on sickness absence in the public sector and reports findings of an important analysis that takes account of sector in characteristics associated with increased risk of job loss. Chapter 6 reviews the limited literature on the public sector employment experiences of disabled people, people with chronic and mental health conditions, and deaf people. Chapter 7 examines research on practical interventions, such as government programmes, to improve the chances for disabled people to enter, retain and progress in public sector jobs. It should be noted that there is no uniformity in how ‘disabled people' is defined in the studies reviewed. Wherever possible the definitions used in the studies are used. It should also be noted that the scope of some surveys extends to include Northern Ireland . Chapter 8 presents findings from a trawl of public sector employers to identify effective employment policies and practices based on their own documentation. Chapter 9 concludes with the main messages from the research and recommendations to the DRC.
Conclusion
It is encouraging to find, from the analysis of the LFS, rather few apparent differences in the characteristics of disabled and non-disabled employees in the public sector, though disparities in earnings and occupying senior positions need further investigation and when the quality of employment is considered disabled employees in certain sub-sectors of the public sector are disadvantaged. It is also encouraging that the public sector outperforms the private sector in some respects, though it is hard to explain why. The proposed duty on the public sector to promote disability equality will require employers to take action in areas which are currently under-developed such as: involving disabled staff; training and awareness raising; monitoring disability within the workforce and among job applicants; and taking an organisation-wide strategic approach. Guidance needs to convince employers of the value to them of taking action, involving a prior understanding of what motivates them to change. Development work might include further investigation of effective practice through equality, diversity and disability networks and recipients of award and accreditations. At the same time, steps must be taken to counter misunderstandings about disability, with active campaigning to educate the public about disability in general and legislation on disability in particular, and specifically to promote awareness of which conditions are included under the DDA and help to dispel myths about employing disabled people. There is scope for further analysis of the LFS to fill gaps in knowledge: multivariate analysis to investigate reasons for the reported differences between disabled and non-disabled employees, with priority given to pay differentials; comparison of disabled people's employment experiences across sectors, to provide the context within which to evaluate and interpret findings related to the public sector; longitudinal analysis to explore employment trajectories of disabled people, including movements in and out of the public sector; and longitudinal analysis to investigate in more detail the finding that public sector employees have a lower risk of leaving employment following onset of disability compared with those working in other industry divisions. There is a role for the DRC to influence the design of further research to introduce consistency in the definition of the public sector and in survey design so that the impact of the public sector duty can be tracked over time. There is a need for research that establishes what leads to change and which takes account of the perspectives of disabled and non-disabled staff in different positions within public sector employing organisations.
54 references
ISBN 0 9549327 0 6
Subject terms:
learning disabilities, literature reviews, physical disabilities, public sector, employment;
British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 43(4), 2015, pp.270-276.
Publisher:
Wiley
People with and without learning disabilities are living longer. Demographic ageing creates challenges and the leading policy response to these challenges is ‘active ageing’. ‘Active’ does not just refer to the ability to be physically and economically active, but also includes ongoing social and civic engagement in the communities of which older people are a part. Active ageing should apply to all citizens, including the experiences of older people with learning disabilities. This literature based paper explores the focus of active ageing discussions in relation to the general population drawing comparisons with the experiences of older people with learning disabilities. It points out that older people with learning disabilities and their experiences are largely missing from broader policy discussions of active ageing. The paper concludes by arguing for inclusive research in active ageing which takes account of the concerns and interests of older people with learning disabilities.
(Edited publisher abstract)
People with and without learning disabilities are living longer. Demographic ageing creates challenges and the leading policy response to these challenges is ‘active ageing’. ‘Active’ does not just refer to the ability to be physically and economically active, but also includes ongoing social and civic engagement in the communities of which older people are a part. Active ageing should apply to all citizens, including the experiences of older people with learning disabilities. This literature based paper explores the focus of active ageing discussions in relation to the general population drawing comparisons with the experiences of older people with learning disabilities. It points out that older people with learning disabilities and their experiences are largely missing from broader policy discussions of active ageing. The paper concludes by arguing for inclusive research in active ageing which takes account of the concerns and interests of older people with learning disabilities.
(Edited publisher abstract)
Subject terms:
older people, learning disabilities, literature reviews, social inclusion, ageing, employment, participation;
Children and Youth Services Review, 109, 2020, p.104656.
Publisher:
Elsevier
This review examined various studies regarding the employment outcomes for adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) within the United States. This review provides a snapshot of the individuals' employment rate, setting, income, quality of life, and well-being. A thorough literature review was conducted to retrieve studies and gather information. The studies were retrieved from Proquest, Ebscohost, Emerald, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Other databases included Eric and PsycINFO. The inclusion criteria were the studies published after the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, as well as the studies published in English and limited to the population of the United States. A total of 27 studies were included in the review. The results indicated that the employment settings for individuals with IDD, such as sheltered, supported, or competitive employment, have different impacts on working hours and weekly wages. This paper also established that the employment of individuals with IDD has a positive influence on their self-esteem, self-confidence, career progression, and independence levels, especially in integrated employment. Furthermore, this review demonstrated that the work of such individuals provides a source of income and enables them to contribute to the national economy through taxes. However, the review suggests that there is still a need to improve the employment of such individuals in order to increase the employment outcomes to significant levels. There is a need to mainly focus on enhancing sheltered employment whose results are relatively lower when compared to the other forms of work. Practices and research implications were also discussed.
(Publisher abstract)
This review examined various studies regarding the employment outcomes for adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) within the United States. This review provides a snapshot of the individuals' employment rate, setting, income, quality of life, and well-being. A thorough literature review was conducted to retrieve studies and gather information. The studies were retrieved from Proquest, Ebscohost, Emerald, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Other databases included Eric and PsycINFO. The inclusion criteria were the studies published after the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, as well as the studies published in English and limited to the population of the United States. A total of 27 studies were included in the review. The results indicated that the employment settings for individuals with IDD, such as sheltered, supported, or competitive employment, have different impacts on working hours and weekly wages. This paper also established that the employment of individuals with IDD has a positive influence on their self-esteem, self-confidence, career progression, and independence levels, especially in integrated employment. Furthermore, this review demonstrated that the work of such individuals provides a source of income and enables them to contribute to the national economy through taxes. However, the review suggests that there is still a need to improve the employment of such individuals in order to increase the employment outcomes to significant levels. There is a need to mainly focus on enhancing sheltered employment whose results are relatively lower when compared to the other forms of work. Practices and research implications were also discussed.
(Publisher abstract)
Subject terms:
employment, learning disabilities, literature reviews, conditions of employment, quality of life, sheltered employment, supported employment, outcomes;
This report reviews the literature on the business case for employers of employing people with a learning disability. For the review, systematic searches for research and grey literature were conducted on five databases, including Social Care Online. The results are presented broadly under the following areas: economic benefit to employers, in terms of work quality and reliability; improvements to workforce cohesion and staff morale; benefits from customer reaction and reputation; and perceived additional costs for employers, such as the need for additional support supervisors and making ‘reasonable adjustments’ in the workplace. Although the review found limited research literature on the financial costs and benefits to employers, it found that with the right support and job matching, people with a learning disability are valuable employees. It identifies research that people with a learning disability generally do stay in work longer, are sick less; are reliable time-keepers; and help promote good relationships with, and between co-workers. In addition, many of the ‘reasonable adjustments’ employers need to make are often cost neutral. The report concludes by highlighting the need for good supportive government policies and for job coach supported employment to be more widely available, for employers to deliver good employment opportunities for people with learning disabilities.
(Edited publisher abstract)
This report reviews the literature on the business case for employers of employing people with a learning disability. For the review, systematic searches for research and grey literature were conducted on five databases, including Social Care Online. The results are presented broadly under the following areas: economic benefit to employers, in terms of work quality and reliability; improvements to workforce cohesion and staff morale; benefits from customer reaction and reputation; and perceived additional costs for employers, such as the need for additional support supervisors and making ‘reasonable adjustments’ in the workplace. Although the review found limited research literature on the financial costs and benefits to employers, it found that with the right support and job matching, people with a learning disability are valuable employees. It identifies research that people with a learning disability generally do stay in work longer, are sick less; are reliable time-keepers; and help promote good relationships with, and between co-workers. In addition, many of the ‘reasonable adjustments’ employers need to make are often cost neutral. The report concludes by highlighting the need for good supportive government policies and for job coach supported employment to be more widely available, for employers to deliver good employment opportunities for people with learning disabilities.
(Edited publisher abstract)
This literature review was commissioned by EASPD to improve its understanding of the employment of people with disabilities in Europe and the strength of the financial case for inclusive employment. It provides cost-benefit analyses of labour market inclusion of people with disabilities can have for governments and public authorities, as well as the wider benefits for businesses and individuals. The review carried out extensive and structured searches on a number of database for research articles in English, published between 1980 and 2016. The main findings show that disabled people, taxpayers and government are likely to benefit financially in the long term from greater investment in employment in the open labour market of persons with disabilities. It also identified a large variety of models, working to different objectives, which support people with disabilities in work, training and employment. In terms of models supporting persons with disabilities into the open labour market, supported employment and individual placement and support have proved to be effective in doing so and with high cost-benefit return to the taxpayer.
(Edited publisher abstract)
This literature review was commissioned by EASPD to improve its understanding of the employment of people with disabilities in Europe and the strength of the financial case for inclusive employment. It provides cost-benefit analyses of labour market inclusion of people with disabilities can have for governments and public authorities, as well as the wider benefits for businesses and individuals. The review carried out extensive and structured searches on a number of database for research articles in English, published between 1980 and 2016. The main findings show that disabled people, taxpayers and government are likely to benefit financially in the long term from greater investment in employment in the open labour market of persons with disabilities. It also identified a large variety of models, working to different objectives, which support people with disabilities in work, training and employment. In terms of models supporting persons with disabilities into the open labour market, supported employment and individual placement and support have proved to be effective in doing so and with high cost-benefit return to the taxpayer.
(Edited publisher abstract)
Subject terms:
disabilities, employment, supported employment, cost effectiveness, models, learning disabilities, literature reviews, local authorities, costs;
A review of the evidence from research about shared-life communities for people with a learning disability, summarising the results from the small number of academic studies which have attempted to measure the quality of life of people with a learning disability living in such communities. This study shows how shared-life communities facilitate a high quality of life for their residents with a learning disability and in particular: high levels of meaningful employment - residents are able to work full time in a range of unskilled and skilled work essential to the daily life and economy of the community, while also exercising choice over where they are able to work; opportunities for friendship - a shared-life communities provide a large clustering of potential friends with the opportunity to meet in workplace and informal settings, while ease of communication enables friendships to be sustained; and long-term relationships - living in extended families in a long-term social relationship with co-workers/assistants enables both groups to become familiar with each other’s pattern of communication.
(Edited publisher abstract)
A review of the evidence from research about shared-life communities for people with a learning disability, summarising the results from the small number of academic studies which have attempted to measure the quality of life of people with a learning disability living in such communities. This study shows how shared-life communities facilitate a high quality of life for their residents with a learning disability and in particular: high levels of meaningful employment - residents are able to work full time in a range of unskilled and skilled work essential to the daily life and economy of the community, while also exercising choice over where they are able to work; opportunities for friendship - a shared-life communities provide a large clustering of potential friends with the opportunity to meet in workplace and informal settings, while ease of communication enables friendships to be sustained; and long-term relationships - living in extended families in a long-term social relationship with co-workers/assistants enables both groups to become familiar with each other’s pattern of communication.
(Edited publisher abstract)
Subject terms:
learning disabilities, literature reviews, shared lives schemes, quality of life, performance evaluation, employment, friendship, relationships;
A rapid review of published peer reviewed and grey literature to identify and analyse evidence around transition for young people with learning disabilities in the areas of: education, employment, health and social care and housing. The review was commissioned by Children’s Commissioner for Wales. It looks at the needs of young people with learning disabilities during times of transition from children’s to adult sector provision; the support for young people with learning disabilities and their support networks currently available in Wales and what is considered best practice; current gaps in support provision in Wales and how to address them. It also identifies priorities for the future work of Children’s Commissioner for Wales in the field of transition. Robust evidence about transition needs of young people in the areas of education, health and social care, and employment. There was little robust published evidence on housing transitions of young people with learning disabilities. The review highlights gaps in evidence which will be useful for consideration by researchers and Government.
(Edited publisher abstract)
A rapid review of published peer reviewed and grey literature to identify and analyse evidence around transition for young people with learning disabilities in the areas of: education, employment, health and social care and housing. The review was commissioned by Children’s Commissioner for Wales. It looks at the needs of young people with learning disabilities during times of transition from children’s to adult sector provision; the support for young people with learning disabilities and their support networks currently available in Wales and what is considered best practice; current gaps in support provision in Wales and how to address them. It also identifies priorities for the future work of Children’s Commissioner for Wales in the field of transition. Robust evidence about transition needs of young people in the areas of education, health and social care, and employment. There was little robust published evidence on housing transitions of young people with learning disabilities. The review highlights gaps in evidence which will be useful for consideration by researchers and Government.
(Edited publisher abstract)
Subject terms:
literature reviews, learning disabilities, young people, housing, education, health care, service transitions, needs, employment, childrens social care, adult social care;