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Features of employment‐related technology for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities: a thematic analysis
- Authors:
- DAMIANIDOU Despoina, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(5), 2019, pp.1149-1162.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Background: The aim of this study was to identify, extract, summarize and list the features of applied cognitive technology used to support employment‐related outcomes for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Method: Thematic analysis was employed on a published research base of 41 studies obtained through a larger scoping review of the literature on the same topic. Results: The thematic analysis identified 109 technology features categorized into 14 main categories of features, which were grouped into three over‐arching categories, Output, Input and General Features. The majority of the studies comprised “Output” features with “Audio” features being the most frequent category. Studies using more sophisticated technology incorporated a wider range of features and a larger number of references. Conclusions: Further investigation regarding the association of specific technology features with the enhancement of various cognitive functions will assist the decision making and technology selection process. (Edited publisher abstract)
Psychological factors associated with obtaining employment
- Authors:
- HENSEL Elizabeth, KROESE Biza Stenfert, ROSE John
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 20(2), March 2007, pp.175-181.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Less than 10% of people with intellectual disabilities are employed. The aim of the present study was to investigate what psychological factors might predict employment outcome for people with intellectual disability who had received a placement in a supported employment service. Sixty people were interviewed whilst they were in the supported employment preparation agency and where possible 3 and 9 months after leaving. The structured interview included a number of psychological measures. Those who subsequently gained employment were compared with those who did not. Those who gained employment were significantly more motivated by status aspiration, and judged themselves significantly less happy than those who did not gain employment, at the first interview. It is possible that people who are more dissatisfied with their life might be more motivated to change their circumstances. Supported employment agencies might consider using a measure of motivation as an entry criterion or as a way of identifying who needs help with developing motivation.
The impact of competitive integrated employment on economic, psychological, and physical health outcomes for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities
- Authors:
- TAYLOR Joshua, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 35(2), 2022, pp.448-459.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Background: Although competitive integrated employment (CIE) has been established as a goal of employment research, policy, and practice for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities, the secondary benefits of CIE are rarely discussed. Aims: The purpose of this systematic review was to analyse and synthesise research related to the association between CIE and improved economic, psychological health, and physical health outcomes for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Materials & Methods: this review searched peer-reviewed literature from seven electronic databases and screened 1110 peer-reviewed articles based on inclusion criteria established following PRISMA guidelines. Results: the search procedures produced a final sample of 17 studies. Discussion: Implications of these findings for future research, policy, and practice are provided. Conclusion: the findings showed strong evidence associated with economic outcomes of CIE, moderate associated with psychological health outcomes, and limited evidence related to physical health outcomes. (Edited publisher abstract)
An evaluation of employment outcomes achieved by transition to work service providers in Sydney, Australia
- Authors:
- XU Tianxi, STANCLIFFE Roger J.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 44(1), 2019, pp.51-63.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
Background: Very few studies have evaluated the performance of transition to work (TTW) service providers after the TTW program was implemented in New South Wales, Australia since 2005. This paper examines employment outcomes achieved by 35 TTW service providers in Sydney. Method: Descriptive statistics and chi-square were used to analyse the TTW outcome data. Results: We found that (a) there was a constant growth in the number of TTW program entrants and an overall increase in the employment rate of TTW clients; (b) many TTW service providers in Sydney served fewer than four clients annually on average; and (c) huge differences were evident in the employment outcome performance of individual TTW service providers. Conclusion: The TTW programme in Sydney allowed more school leavers to achieve employment. However, further research is needed to examine the associations between TTW program features and different employment outcomes to build an optimal TTW program. (Edited publisher abstract)
Longitudinal investigation of vocational engagement
- Authors:
- SPREAT Scott, CONROY James William
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 12(4), 2015, pp.266-271.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
The vocational engagement of 216 individuals with an intellectual disability was followed over a 15-year period. Engagement was operationally defined as activity in five simple categories: competitive, supported, or sheltered employment, plus prevocational and nonvocational daytime activities. Authors sought a long-term view of trends in vocational and nonvocational engagement among all people who were receiving residential and day supports in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and for whom data collection visits had been conducted during the entire 15-year period. This was intended to assess what progress toward eventual employment has been made over the past two decades, and this information was aimed toward policy initiatives related to Employment First models. Authors selected all people for whom on-site quality-of-life data were collected continuously from 1994 to 2009. Their primary types of daytime activities were reported, and the number of hours in each type were submitted to analysis. The overall amount of vocational, prevocational, and nonvocational activities changed sharply during the 15-year period. Vocational and prevocational activity declined, while nonvocational engagement more than doubled, both in numbers of people and hours. During the same time period, the number of employed individuals consistently declined, as did the total number of hours worked. The decline was primarily evident in segregated forms of vocational activity, such as sheltered workshops and prevocational activities. There was no collateral increase in the use of more integrated forms of employment. Age did not appear to be a factor in this decline. The current emphasis on Employment First models would seem to be justified in view of this sample's longitudinal engagement outcomes. However, this analysis was done in only one state, and results must be compared and contrasted to those in other states. (Publisher abstract)
Using quality of life to evaluate outcomes and measure effectiveness
- Authors:
- KOBER Ralph, EGGLETON Ian R.C.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 6(1), March 2009, pp.40-51.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Evaluating the outcomes achieved by service providers who assist people with intellectual disabilities is extremely important in terms of ascertaining whether service providers achieve their goals. The authors provide support for the emerging view that quality of life is an outcome measure that can be utilized to assess service providers' performance. To do this they modified a performance measurement framework to illustrate how quality of life can be incorporated in a comprehensive analysis of the outcomes achieved by various stakeholders of the service provider. They then used three examples drawn from the literature (relating to employment services, the U.S. state of Nebraska, and family quality of life), to highlight how this framework could be applied. Ideas are also presented on other areas where a comprehensive stakeholder analysis, incorporating quality of life measures, could form part of a service provider's performance evaluation. The authors review some issues that should be considered in relation to the implementation of a comprehensive performance measurement system that incorporates quality of life as one of the outcome measures.
Learning disability policy in the UK
- Authors:
- WHITEHEAD Simon, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Tizard Learning Disability Review, 13(3), October 2008, pp.4-11.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
This article provides separate, but linked, overviews of learning disability policy in the four countries of the UK, commenting on current policy and its links to the wider policy agenda, delivery strategies and challenges for the future.
Factors affecting the likelihood that people with intellectual disabilities will gain employment
- Authors:
- ROSE John, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 9(1), March 2005, pp.9-23.
- Publisher:
- Sage
- Place of publication:
- London
The study aimed to identify factors that may affect the likelihood that people with intellectual disabilities will find employment through a supported employment agency. A retrospective analysis of the files of the last 200 individuals to use such an agency was carried out. Variables were identified that may influence outcome, such as demographic factors, job preferences and identified support needs. A specific rating of staff assessed client motivation was developed from written comments made by staff. Staff assessed motivation after two weeks on the scheme was found to be the only significant predictor of employment outcome. Motivation levels decreased for all groups of participants while at the agency, irrespective of work outcome. This study highlights that a greater emphasis on motivation within employment agencies may increase the chances of people with intellectual disability finding work.
Evaluating the multidimensional nature of supported employment
- Authors:
- LEWIS Darroll R., JOHNSON David R.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 11(2), 1998, pp.95-115.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
The emergence of supported employment services in the United States has raised expectations concerning the viability of employment in promoting the work productivity, social integration and personal independence of persons with severe disabilities. Examines the multidimensional outcomes of supported employment in the USA in terms of its effectiveness and efficiency and offers several policy recommendations for improving these outcomes.
Transitional outcomes, employment and human rights: ESSS Outline
- Author:
- BOCIOAGA Andreea
- Publisher:
- IRISS
- Publication year:
- 2021
- Pagination:
- 27
- Place of publication:
- Glasgow
This evidence summary explores the evidence on how employment outcomes for young people with additional support needs can be considered from a human rights perspective. The summary refers to young people with additional support needs which include: disability or health; learning environment; family circumstances; social and emotional factors. Young people can experience a succession of transitions in a short time span, such as further education and training, employment, and other options that lead to independence. The transition process is generally experienced as stressful, uncertain, and problematic, particularly in terms of the bureaucratic aspects. Moreover, studies report that young people with intellectual disabilities experience transitions as usually accompanied by several challenges including difficulty finding employment due to high unemployment levels, restricted community participation, continued living with parents and dependence on the family. Key areas where young people experience difficulties associated with transitions are often identified as: independence; transition planning; daytime activity; community participation. The review focuses specifically on employment and young people with ASN; and approaches which integrate human rights principles into employment transitions. (Edited publisher abstract)