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People with a learning disability: their concerns about dementia
- Authors:
- WILKINSON Heather, KERR Diana, RAE Catherine
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Dementia Care, 11(1), January 2003, pp.27-29.
- Publisher:
- Hawker
Reports on a study to explore the knowledge and views of people with a learning disability on dementia. The study also gathered views of people with learning disabilities on a booklet explaining dementia, developed with one of the researchers in collaboration with the Scottish Down's Syndrome Association.
Seminars in the psychiatry of learning disabilities
- Editors:
- FRASER William, KERR Michael
- Publisher:
- Gaskell
- Publication year:
- 2003
- Pagination:
- 337p.,bibliog.
- Place of publication:
- London
- Edition:
- 2nd
The field of learning disability has advanced very rapidly, with changes in the climate of caring, diagnostic categories and concepts and our understanding of the diverse causes of learning disability. This edition contains chapters incorporating accounts of the psychological treatment of behavioural problems, consent and capacity, the underlying causes of learning disability and molecular genetics. Existing challenges facing learning disability specialists are also highlighted, including physical health needs, communication between professionals and those with learning disabilities and the organisation of comprehensive health care.
Associations between behaviour disorders and health status among older adults with intellectual disability
- Authors:
- DAVIDSON P. W., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Aging and Mental Health, 7(6), November 2003, pp.424-430.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
Few studies have examined the relationship of behaviour and health status among aging persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD). Behavioural disorders, which often are coincident with functional decline in older persons with I/DD, may be more related to medical morbidity than previously reported. This cross-sectional study examined the association between health status and behaviour disorders with increasing age in a cohort of 60,752 adults with I/DD clustered into four adult-age groupings (21-44, 45-59, 60-74, and >74). Age grouping data suggested an association between morbidity and increased likelihood of behaviour symptoms in all but the oldest age grouping. The magnitude of the association and trend varied by specific disease across age groupings compared to that found in healthy cohorts. About 25% of the adults with I/DD had psychiatric diagnoses and the frequency of such diagnoses did not decrease with age grouping. These results suggest that adverse health status may increase the likelihood of persistent behavioural disturbances in older persons with I/DD. Moreover, behavioural disorders may be sentinels for occult medical morbidity, which in turn may be responsive to intervention.
Diagnostic instruments for dementia in older people with intellectual disability in clinical practice
- Authors:
- STRYDOM A., HASSIOTIS A.
- Journal article citation:
- Aging and Mental Health, 7(6), November 2003, pp.431-437.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
There is a need for simple and reliable screening instruments for dementia in the intellectual disability (ID) population that can also be used to follow their progress, particularly if they are being treated with anti-dementia drugs. Commonly used tests for the general population such as the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) are not appropriate for many people with ID. This paper is a literature review of alternative instruments that have been used in research or recommended by experts since 1991 and have the potential to be used as screening instruments. Two types of tests have been identified: those administered to informants, and those that rely on direct assessment of the individual. The most promising informant rated screening tool in most adults with ID including Down syndrome (DS) diagnosis is the Dementia Questionnaire for Persons with Mental Retardation (DMR). However, sensitivity in single assessments is variable and cut-off scores need further optimisation. In those with DS, the Dementia Scale for Down Syndrome (DSDS) has good specificity but mediocre sensitivity. The Test for Severe Impairment and Severe Impairment Battery are two direct assessment tools that show promise as screening instruments, but need further evaluation.
Developing sensitivity to distortion: utility of psychological tests in differentiating malingering and psychopathology in criminal defendants
- Author:
- HEINZE Michaela C.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology (The), 14(1), April 2003, pp.151-177.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
In a retrospective study, the accuracy of various psychological tests in distinguishing between those who were diagnosed as malingerers and those who were diagnosed as mentally ill was examined. Speci cally, information about the utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS), M Test, the Atypical Presentation Scale (AP) and the Rey 15-Item Memory Test (RMT) was examined in 66 men who had been hospitalized as incompetent to stand trial. Overall, results support the use of psychological testing in the detection of malingering of psychotic symptoms. Practical guidance on how to utilize psychological tests within the overall evaluation is provided.
Assessing the prevalence and exploring the aetiology of intellectual disability in the early twentieth century: the experience of policy and practice in New South Wales
- Author:
- WILLIAMS Ann Katherine
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 28(1), March 2003, pp.40-50.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
From the beginning of the twentieth century to the failure of the passage of the New South Wales Mental Defectives Bill in 1930, several investigations were conducted in an attempt to assess the prevalence of intellectual disability in the Australian community. During this period, 7252 people were admitted to state mental hospitals in New South Wales with a diagnosis of congenital or infantile mental deficiency, including the diagnostic subcategories of epileptic insanity and general paralysis of the insane. Using primary source material including annual reports of the New South Wales Lunacy Department, New South Wales Inspector General of the Insane Correspondence Files, and aggregated diagnostic data from patient case notes, this article will discuss attempts to assess the prevalence of intellectual disability in Australia and more specifically in New South Wales during the period and attempts to attribute causation. Epilepsy and syphilis will be discussed in terms of causation and correlation as specific co-morbid conditions associated with intellectual disability.
The intellectually disabled offender: methodological problems in identification
- Author:
- MCBRIEN Judith
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 16(2), June 2003, pp.95-105.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Reliable evidence concerning the prevalence of intellectually disabled offenders that would inform the clinician's approach to the assessment and management of risk is in short supply. This paper aims to assist the clinician in interpreting the available evidence. A literature search was conducted for all years up to January 2003. Each study was first examined for the methods employed to define and measure intellectual disability. Then, the effect of this on prevalence estimates was considered. A wide range of methods has been used to ascertain the presence of intellectual disability - administrative definitions, psychiatric diagnosis, educational background, self-report and direct measurement of IQ and adaptive behaviour. Most studies reviewed used less than adequate ascertainment methods. Reliable answers to two key questions which offenders have intellectual disabilities and which people with intellectual disabilities offend, therefore remain elusive.
Utility of the brief symptom inventory in the assessment of psychological distress
- Authors:
- KELLETT Stephen, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 16(2), June 2003, pp.127-134.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
People with intellectual disabilities are now acknowledged to be susceptible to the full range of mental health disorders. This acknowledgement has resulted in the need to develop and evaluate instruments for the assessment and detection of mental health problems. This research evaluates the use of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) with 200 people with mild intellectual disabilities representing community, clinical and forensic populations.
Validation of the modified telephone interview for cognitive status (TICS-m) in Hebrew
- Authors:
- BEERI Michal Schnaider, et al
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(5), May 2003, pp.381-386.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
The validity of the Hebrew version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-Modified (TICS-m) for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), for dementia, and for cognitive impairment (either MCI or dementia) was investigated. Of the 10 059 who took part of the Israel Ischemic Heart Disease Cohort, 1902 of the 2901 survivors in 1999 had TICS-m interviews. Those with a score of 27 or below and a random sample with a score of 28 or 29 were invited to have a physician's examination for the diagnosis of dementia. The analysis was performed on the 576 who agreed. Based on physician's diagnosis, 269 were diagnosed as suffering from dementia, 128 as suffering from MCI, and 179 were diagnosed with no cognitive impairment. The TICS-m Hebrew version's internal consistency was very high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.98) and showed a strong convergent validity with the MMSE (r = 0.82; p < 0.0005). The sensitivity was 100% for each of the conditions. Finally, after controlling for age, education and hearing impairment, TICS-m was a strong predictor of dementia, MCI and cognitive impairment. At a cut-off of 27/50 the Hebrew version of the TICS-m is a useful screening instrument to identify subjects suffering from mild cognitive impairment, dementia and cognitive impairment (MCI or dementia).
Development and psychometric properties of the Glasgow Depression Scale for people with a learning disability
- Authors:
- CUTHILL Fiona M., ESPIE Colin A., COOPER Sally-Anne
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 182(4), April 2003, pp.347-353.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
There is no reliable and valid self-report measure of depressive symptoms for people with learning disabilities. The aim of the article was to develop a scale for individuals with learning disability, and a supplementary scale for carers. Items were generated from a range of assessment scales and through focus groups. A draft scale was piloted and field tested using matched groups of people with or without depression, and their carers. The scale was also administered to a group without learning disabilities for criterion validation. The Glasgow Depression Scale for people with a Learning Disability (GDS-LD) differentiated depression and non-depression groups, correlated with the Beck Depression Inventory - II (r=0.88), had good test-retest reliability (r=0.97) and internal consistency (Cronbach's =0.90), and a cut-off score (13) yielded 96% sensitivity and 90% specificity. The Carer Supplement was also reliable (r=0.98; =0.88), correlating with the GDS-LD (r=0.93). Both scales appear useful for screening, monitoring progress and contributing to outcome appraisal.