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Health and social care access for adults with learning disabilities across the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020
- Authors:
- FLYNN Samantha, HATTON Chris
- Journal article citation:
- Tizard Learning Disability Review, 26(3), 2021, pp.174-179.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: This paper aims to present data about access to health and social care services during the COVID-19 pandemic for adults with learning disabilities across England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected directly from 621 adults with learning disabilities and through separate proxy reports by family carers and paid support staff of another 378 adults with learning disabilities. The data were collected between December 2020 and February 2021 and concerned the use of health and social care services since the start of the first COVID-19 national lockdown in March 2020. Findings: Access to and use of health and social care services significantly reduced for adults with learning disabilities across the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic between March 2020 and February 2021, with many people not receiving any services at all during that period. Similar patterns were seen across England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. However, data suggest some variations between countries for some services. Practical implications: Future pandemic planning must ensure that access to these essential services is not completely lost for adults with learning disabilities and their family carers, as it was in some cases during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Originality/value: This is the largest study about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health and social care services for adults with learning disabilities in the UK. The authors primarily collected data directly from adults with learning disabilities, and worked with partner organisations of people with learning disabilities throughout the study. (Edited publisher abstract)
Paid employment amongst adults with learning disabilities receiving social care in England: trends over time and geographical variation
- Author:
- HATTON Chris
- Journal article citation:
- Tizard Learning Disability Review, 23(2), 2018, pp.117-122.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine trends over time and geographical variation in rates of paid employment amongst working age adults with learning disabilities receiving long-term social care in England. Design/methodology/approach: Data were drawn from NHS Digital adult social care statistics examining paid/self-employment for working age (18-64 years) adults with learning disabilities known to social care (2008/2009 to 2013/2014) or receiving long-term social care (2014/2015 to 2016/2017). Findings: In 2016/2017, councils reported that 5.7 per cent of working age adults (7,422 people) with learning disabilities receiving long-term social care were in paid/self-employment, with higher employment rates for men than women and most people working less than 16 hours per week. Paid employment rates seem to be slightly declining over time, and there is wide variation across councils in reported paid/self-employment rates. Social implications: Despite good evidence for the cost effectiveness of supported employment support, employment rates for adults with learning disabilities receiving long-term social care remain extremely low. Originality/value: This paper presents in one place statistics concerning the paid employment of working age adults with learning disabilities in England. (Edited publisher abstract)
Social care for adults with learning disabilities in England: trends over time
- Author:
- HATTON Chris
- Journal article citation:
- Tizard Learning Disability Review, 24(2), 2019, pp.94-100.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine trends over time in social care usage and expenditure for adults with learning disabilities in England. Design/methodology/approach: Returns from councils with social services responsibilities in England concerning social care usage and expenditure were analysed to examine the national picture and trends over time for adults with learning disabilities. Findings: In 2017/2018, 147,915 adults with learning disabilities were receiving long-term social care, an increase of 5.7 per cent from 2014/2015. Social care expenditure increased by 10.2 per cent from 2014/2015 to £5.54bn in 2017/2018; adjusted for inflation this was a 2.7 per cent increase. For adults with learning disabilities who receive social care, increasing numbers of people are living with families or in supported accommodation/living, with gradual declines in the number of people living in residential or nursing care. The number of adults with learning disabilities in temporary accommodation is small but increasing. Social implications: While councils appear to be attempting to protect social care for adults with learning disabilities in the face of cuts to council expenditure, social care expenditure and coverage are not keeping pace with likely increases in the number of adults with learning disabilities requiring social care. Originality/value: This paper presents in one place statistics concerning long-term social care for adults with learning disabilities in England. (Edited publisher abstract)
School absences and exclusions experienced by children with learning disabilities and autistic children in 2016/17 in England
- Author:
- HATTON Chris
- Journal article citation:
- Tizard Learning Disability Review, 23(4), 2018, pp.207-212.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine data on absences and exclusions from school amongst children with learning disabilities and autistic children in England in 2016/2017. Design/methodology/approach: Data were drawn from Department for Education statistics for the school year 2016/2017 on school absences (authorised and unauthorised) and school exclusions (fixed-period and permanent) for children in the primary special educational needs categories of moderate learning difficulty (MLD), severe learning difficulty (SLD), profound and multiple learning difficulty (PMLD) and autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). Findings: Authorised school absence rates were higher for all groups of children investigated compared to children without special educational needs, primarily due to illnesses and health-related appointments. Rates of unauthorised school absences were low. Rates of fixed-period and permanent school exclusions were higher for children with MLD and ASD compared to children without SEN, and lower for children with SLD and PMLD. Reasons given for exclusions were similar across children (persistent disruptive behaviour, physical assault against a pupil, verbal abuse against an adult), although physical assault against an adult was also commonly mentioned for children with SLD, PMLD or ASD. Social implications: Reducing school absences for children with learning disabilities and autistic children will involve co-ordination of health and social care support arrangements to ensure they are convenient and efficient for children and families. In terms of exclusions, schools need to consider the extent to which they are making reasonable adjustments for children with learning disabilities and autistic children. Originality/value: This paper presents in one place statistics concerning school absences and school exclusions for children with learning disabilities and autistic children in England.
The mental health of adolescents with and without mild/moderate intellectual disabilities in England: secondary analysis of a longitudinal cohort study
- Authors:
- HATTON Chris, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(5), 2018, pp.768-777.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Background: Children with mild/moderate intellectual disabilities are at greater risk for mental health problems, with socio‐economic factors and adversity partly accounting for this. Fewer data are available for adolescents. Methods: Secondary analysis was undertaken of the Next Steps annual panel study following a cohort through adolescence into adulthood containing self‐report mental health data up to age 16/17. Participants with mild/moderate intellectual disabilities were identified through data linkage with educational records. Results: Adolescents with mild/moderate intellectual disabilities were more likely than non‐disabled peers to experience socio‐economic disadvantage and bullying. Incidence rates of mental health problems were generally not significantly different between adolescents with and without intellectual disabilities. Conclusions: These findings are consistent with higher rates of persistent mental health problems beginning earlier among children with intellectual disabilities. Greater attention needs to be paid to the timecourse of mental health problems, and the impact of socio‐economic factors, family and peers on mental health. (Edited publisher abstract)
Living arrangements of adults with learning disabilities across the UK
- Author:
- HATTON Chris
- Journal article citation:
- Tizard Learning Disability Review, 22(1), 2017, pp.43-50.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to compare data from national social care statistics on the living situations of people with learning disabilities across England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Design/methodology/approach: National social care statistics (England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland) reporting the living situations of adults with learning disabilities (residential and nursing care, living with family, other forms of accommodation) were accessed, with data extracted on trends over time and rate of service use. Findings: There were substantial differences in the statistics collected across the UK. Overall, there were higher reported rates of adults with learning disabilities in residential/nursing accommodation in England than Scotland or Wales, but much lower reported rates of adults living in other forms of unsupported and supported accommodation and much lower reported rates of adults living with their families. In all three countries, trends over time suggest that reductions in residential care towards more independent living options may be stalling. In Northern Ireland reductions in currently extensive residential and nursing care services are continuing, unlike other parts of the UK. Social implications: Despite similar policy ambitions across the four parts of the UK, statistics on the living situations of adults with learning disabilities report substantial differences. Originality/value: This paper is a first attempt to compare national social care statistics concerning the living situations of adults with learning disabilities across the UK. With increasing divergence of health and social service systems, further comparative analyses of services for people with learning disabilities are needed. (Publisher abstract)