Search results for ‘Subject term:"learning disabilities"’ Sort:
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The relationship between cognitive variables and offending behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review
- Authors:
- HAMMOND Sarah, BEAIL Nigel
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 33(4), 2020, pp.779-792.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Background: Interventions for offenders with intellectual disabilities (ID) have used cognitive variables as measures of treatment outcome. However, the relevance of cognitive variables to offending in people with intellectual disabilities is unclear. This review aimed to evaluate the evidence for a relationship between cognitive variables and offending in people with intellectual disabilities. Method: A systematic search identified studies comparing offenders and non‐offenders with intellectual disabilities on an aspect of cognition. Seven cognitive variables were found and compared across 15 studies. These were appraised for their quality using an adapted quality appraisal checklist. The reliability and validity of cognitive measures were also considered. Results and conclusions: Other than for cognitive distortions, the evidence for a relationship between cognitive variables and offending in people with intellectual disabilities is currently limited due to methodological weaknesses and the small number of studies assessing each variable. Clinicians are advised to focus on cognitive distortions until better evidence is available. (Edited publisher abstract)
A systematic review of the evidence regarding cognitive therapy skills that assist cognitive behavioural therapy in adults who have an intellectual disability
- Authors:
- COONEY Patricia, TUNNEY Conall, O’REILLY Gary
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(1), 2018, pp.23-42.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Background: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is being increasingly adapted for use with people who have an intellectual disability. However, it remains unclear whether inherent cognitive deficits that are present in adults who have an intellectual disability preclude the use of cognitive-based therapies. This review aims to systematically examine “cognitive therapy skills” in adults who have an intellectual disability that assist engagement in CBT. Method:Two authors independently reviewed titles and abstracts of articles located through electronic database searching. Results: Outcomes of the 18 studies selected for full-text review are mixed and limited by a moderately high risk of bias. Conclusions: The authors suggest eleven findings from research areas of emotion recognition, cognitive mediation, discriminating between thoughts, feelings and behaviours, linking events and emotions that have implications for the design of CBT programmes and future research for this population. (Publisher abstract)
Self‐concept research with school‐aged youth with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review
- Authors:
- MAIANO Christophe, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(2), 2019, pp.238-255.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Background: Research on the self‐concept of youth with intellectual disabilities has not been summarized in more than four decades. The present systematic review addresses this gap. Method: A systematic literature search was performed in nine databases and 21 studies, published between 1979 and 2017, met our inclusion criteria. Results: Significant differences between the self‐concepts of youth with intellectual disabilities and typically developing (TD) youth were found in: (a) cognitive‐academic self‐concept in disfavour of youth with intellectual disabilities; (b) global self‐concept and cognitive‐academic self‐concept in disfavour of children with intellectual disabilities; and (c) global, behavioural, and cognitive‐academic self‐concept in disfavour of youth with intellectual disabilities schooled in a special class. Additionally, except for age, intellectual functioning and school placement, no significant relations were found between the self‐concept dimensions and academic achievement and sex. Conclusion: Studies on self‐concept research with school‐aged youth with intellectual disabilities have several weaknesses that need to be advanced in future research. (Edited publisher abstract)
A systematic review of cognition in homeless children and adolescents
- Authors:
- PARKS Randolph W., STEVENS Richard J., SPENCER Sean A.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 100(1), January 2007, pp.46-50.
- Publisher:
- Royal Society of Medicine
Homelessness might be hypothesised to carry many risks for the developing minds and brains of children and adolescents, and the purpose of this review was to identify whether this hypothesis has been tested. The results show that, despite the vast numbers of children and adolescents who are homeless across the world, only ten studies focusing on these populations and reporting cognitive assessments could be identified. Most of these are cross-sectional studies undertaken in the USA, and their relevance for other settings may be limited. However, they do indicate that homeless children may be more cognitively impaired than disadvantaged ones from comparable backgrounds who do have homes. The evidence on adolescents is even more limited, but also suggests a risk of cognitive impairment. The authors recommend the introduction of cognitive evaluation and brief intelligence screening for homeless children and adolescents, as well as psychiatric or psychological screening of the latter where prior physical, sexual or substance abuse is suspected.
A systematic review of cognitive decline in the general elderly population
- Authors:
- PARK Helen L., O'CONNELL Janice O., THOMSON Richard G.
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(12), December 2003, pp.1121-1134.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
The aim was to establish the rate of age-related cognitive decline in the general elderly population. Systematic review of studies of cognitive decline in the general elderly population. Medline, Embase and PsycINFO databases were searched using an adapted version of McMaster's aetiology, causation and harm strategies and the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Group strategy. Grey literature was explored and experts contacted. A second observer was involved at all stages and quality appraisal of included studies was performed. Included studies were representative, community-based, cohort studies of people aged over 60, incorporating individuals with dementia. Identification of 5990 abstracts and retrieval of 163 full texts led to inclusion of 19 papers. Heterogeneity made narrative review the appropriate method of data synthesis. Some degree of cognitive impairment with increasing age was found in all studies, although the extent varied. The prevalence of cognitive impairment and the rate of decline increased with age. Studies were of variable quality. Cognitive decline is almost universal in the general elderly population and increases with age. Improved communication between researchers and between clinicians to identify a core minimum data set of neuropsychological tests that could be used in different populations would support consistent study design and meta-analysis, helping to quantify the true rate of cognitive decline in the elderly and assisting diagnosis in clinical practice.
Smart home technologies for health and social care support
- Authors:
- MARTIN S., et al
- Publisher:
- John Wiley and Sons
- Publication year:
- 2008
- Pagination:
- 13
BACKGROUND: The integration of smart home technology to support health and social care is acquiring an increasing global significance. Provision is framed within the context of a rapidly changing population profile, which is impacting on the number of people requiring health and social care, workforce availability and the funding of healthcare systems. OBJECTIVES: To explore the effectiveness of smart home technologies as an intervention for people with physical disability, cognitive impairment or learning disability, who are living at home, and to consider the impact on the individual's health status and on the financial resources of health care. SEARCH STRATEGY: The following databases were searched for primary studies: (a) the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) Group Register, (b) the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), (The Cochrane Library, issue 1, 2007), and (c) bibliographic databases, including MEDLINE (1966 to March 2007), EMBASE (1980 to March 2007) and CINAHL (1982 to March 2007). The Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE) was also searched. A strategy developed by the EPOC Trials Search Co-ordinator was used to search the electronic databases. SELECTION CRITERIA: Study types included: randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-experimental studies, controlled before and after studies (CBAs) and interrupted time series analyses (ITS). Participants included adults over the age of 18, living in their home in a community setting. Participants with a physical disability, dementia or a learning disability were included. The included interventions were social alarms, electronic assistive devices, telecare social alert platforms, environmental control systems, automated home environments and 'ubiquitous homes'. Outcome measures included any objective measure that records an impact on a participant's quality of life, healthcare professional workload, economic outcomes, costs to healthcare provider or costs to participant. The included measures were service satisfaction, device satisfaction and healthcare professional attitudes or satisfaction. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: One review author completed the search strategy with the support of a life and health sciences librarian. Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts of results. MAIN RESULTS: No studies were identified which met the inclusion criteria. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights the current lack of empirical evidence to support or refute the use of smart home technologies within health and social care, which is significant for practitioners and healthcare consumers. (Edited publisher abstract)