Search results for ‘Subject term:"learning disabilities"’ Sort:
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Adults with intellectual disabilities: prevalence, incidence and remission of self-injurious behaviour, and related factors
- Authors:
- COOPER S., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(3), March 2009, pp.200-216.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
This study investigates the point prevalence, incidence and remission rates of Self-injurious behaviour (SIB) among the adult population with intellectual disabilities (ID), and explores which factors are independently associated with SIB. A prospective cohort study design was used in a general community setting. The participants were all adults (16 years and over) with ID in a defined geographical area. Individual assessments were conducted with all participants. The point prevalence of SIB (as defined by DC-LD) was 4.9%, the two-year incidence was 0.6%, and two-year remission rate was 38.2%. Independently related to SIB were: lower ability level, not living with a family carer, having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, visual impairment, and not having Down syndrome. Other factors, including communication impairment, autism, and level of deprivation of the area resided within, were not related. SIB is not as enduring and persistent as previously thought; a significant proportion gains remission in this time period.
The behavioural phenotype of Smith–Magenis syndrome: evidence for a gene–environment interaction
- Authors:
- TAYLOR L., OLIVER C.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52(10), October 2008, pp.830-841.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Behaviour problems and a preference for adult contact are reported to be prominent in the phenotype of Smith–Magenis syndrome. This UK study examined the relationship between social interactions and self-injurious and aggressive/disruptive behaviour in Smith–Magenis syndrome to explore potential operant reinforcement of problem behaviours and thus a gene–environment interaction. Observational data were collected on five children with Smith–Magenis syndrome (age range 3 to 13 years) . The associations between purported phenotypic behaviours and two environmental events (adult attention and demands) were examined using descriptive analysis. All participants engaged in self-injurious behaviour and aggressive/disruptive outbursts. Sequential analyses of aggressive/disruptive outbursts and self-injury revealed that these behaviours were evoked by low levels of adult attention and led to increased levels of attention following the behaviours in three and two participants respectively out of the four for whom this analysis was possible. Problem behaviour in Smith–Magenis syndrome was evoked by decreased social contact in three out of four children. These data, considered alongside the preference for adult contact and the significantly increased prevalence of these behaviours in Smith–Magenis syndrome, illustrate a potential gene–environment interaction for problem behaviour in this syndrome.
Self-injurious behaviour
- Authors:
- CHALLENGING BEHAVIOUR FOUNDATION, (Producer)
- Publisher:
- Challenging Behaviour Foundation
- Publication year:
- 2006
- Pagination:
- DVD
- Place of publication:
- Rochester
Professors Chris Oliver and Glynis Murphy, the UK’s leading authorities on self-injurious behaviour, join forces to offer clear and practical information and advice to families caring for individuals with severe learning disabilities. In this 45 minute video/DVD you will also meet Laura and Tobias, learn how their self-injurious behaviour has affected their lives and the lives of their families, and how some simple, straightforward steps can help to reduce self-injurious behaviour. The video/DVD emphasizes understanding the causes and the function of the self injurious behaviour, and addresses issues such as the use of medication and protective devices. Produced primarily for family carers, this resource also provides a useful introduction to any professionals who may encounter self-injurious behaviour in individuals with severe learning disabilities
The topographies and operant functions of challenging behaviours in fragile X syndrome: a systematic review and analysis of existing data
- Authors:
- HARDIMAN Rebecca Lyndsey, McGILL Peter
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 42(2), 2017, pp.190-203.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
Background: Challenging behaviour, such as self-injury and physical aggression, is an issue of concern regarding a high proportion of individuals with fragile X syndrome. The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the topographies and operant functions of challenging behaviours within the syndrome. Method: Five electronic databases were searched, identifying 18 manuscripts. Overall proportions of individuals with particular topographies of behaviour, or behaviour serving different functions, were calculated. Results: Across all participants, biting was the most common form of self-injury for males but not females. A pattern of behavioural function was observed, characterised by high levels of social-negative reinforcement, such as escape from demands. Conclusion: The existence of within-syndrome biases in the manifestation of behavioural challenges is supported by our review. (Publisher abstract)
Persistence of challenging behaviours in adults with intellectual disability over a period of 11 years
- Authors:
- TOTSIKA V., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52(5), May 2008, pp.446-457.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Challenging behaviours in people with an intellectual disability (ID) often develop early and tend to persist throughout life. This study presents data on the chronicity of challenging behaviours in adults with ID over a period of 11 years, and explores the characteristics of people with persistent serious behaviour problems. Support staff provided data on 58 adults living in a long-term residential facility in the UK using an interview survey schedule assessing challenging behaviours in 1992 and 2003. Participants presenting with serious physical attacks and self-injury were the most likely to persist in these behaviours over time. These behaviours were characterised by high persistence percentages and associations over time. However, the earlier presence of serious challenging behaviours did not significantly affect the likelihood of serious challenging behaviours in 2003. Individuals with persisting behaviour problems differed from those who did not present serious behaviour problems on the basis of their younger age, increased mobility, and decreased sociability and daily living skills in 1992. Estimates of persistence for challenging behaviours are affected by the statistics chosen to represent stability. The apparent persistence of serious challenging behaviours highlights the need to identify the factors related to maintenance of these behaviours over time. The participant characteristics and adaptive behaviours identified in the present study were not consistently related to the persistence of challenging behaviours. Therefore, other factors, including environmental characteristics, are likely to be related to challenging behaviour persistence.
The NICE guidelines and quality standards on learning disabilities and behaviour that challenges
- Author:
- MURPHY Glynis
- Journal article citation:
- Tizard Learning Disability Review, 22(2), 2017, pp.71-81.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
This paper explains the process of developing the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines on learning disabilities, covering the subject of 'behaviour that challenges'. The guidelines, which were published in May 2015, cover service user and carer experiences, assessment, risk factors and interventions for behaviour that challenges. The linked quality standards were published later in 2015. The final guidance is described in summary form, together with the quality standards. (Edited publisher abstract)
Challenging behaviours in adults with an intellectual disability: a total population study and exploration of risk indices
- Authors:
- BOWRING Darren L., TOTSIKA Vasiliki, HASTINGS Richard P.
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(1), 2017, pp.16-32.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Objectives: Considerable variation has been reported in the prevalence and correlates of challenging behaviour (CB) in adults with intellectual disabilities (ID). To provide a robust estimate of prevalence, we identified the entire administrative population of adults with ID in a defined geographical area and used a behaviour assessment tool with good psychometric properties. Methods: Data from 265 adults who were known to services were collected using a demographic survey tool and the Behavior Problems Inventory – Short Form. The prevalence of self-injurious, aggressive/destructive, stereotyped, and overall CB was evaluated. We explored the potential of developing cumulative risk indices (CRI) to inform longitudinal research and clinical practice. Results: The prevalence of overall CB was 18.1%. The prevalence of self-injurious behaviour was 7.5%, aggressive–destructive behaviour 8.3%, and stereotyped behaviour 10.9%. Communication problems and severity of ID were consistently associated with higher risk of CBs. CRIs were significantly associated with CBs, and the five methods of CRI development produced similar results. Conclusions: Findings suggest a multi-element response to CB is likely to be required that includes interventions for communication and daytime activity. Exploratory analyses of CRIs suggested these show promise as simple ways to capture cumulative risk in this population. Subject to longitudinal replication, such a tool may be especially useful in clinical practice to identify adults who are priority for interventions and predict future demand on services. (Edited publisher abstract)
Self-Injurious behavior in older adults with intellectual disabilities
- Authors:
- GLAESSER Richard S., PERKINS Elizabeth A.
- Journal article citation:
- Social Work: A journal of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW), 58(3), 2013, pp.213-221.
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is a distressing type of problem behaviour that may be exhibited in individuals with intellectual disabilities (IDs). This article provides an overview of SIB, its underlying causes and functions, as well as other key variables associated with its manifestation. Adults with IDs are routinely living longer. Given this rapidly emerging and expanding population, special attention is given to SIB in aging adults with IDs that may result from age-related risk factors. Risks include increasing and unresolved health issues, physical changes, declining physical abilities, transitions to new residential environments, and the potential for experiencing loss and bereavement. The article concludes with practice implications for social workers who may encounter older individuals with IDs and SIB. (Publisher abstract)
Physical conditions and challenging behaviour in people with intellectual disability: a systematic review
- Authors:
- WINTER C. F. de, JANSEN A. A. C., EVENHUIS H.M.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55(7), July 2011, pp.675-698.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Challenging behaviour is a major problem among people with intellectual disabilities. There are multiple causes of challenging behaviour, of which physical factors may be an important one. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the physical conditions associated with challenging behaviour. A literature search was conducted in PubMed and the Cochrane systematic review database for empirical studies published between 1990 and 2008 with a minimum sample size of 5 participants. The search identified 45 studies. These were allocated to 8 different categories: general medical conditions; motor impairment; epilepsy; sensory impairment; gastrointestinal disease; sleep disorders; dementia; and others. There were 4 high-quality observational studies, 7 well-conducted observational studies, 21 observational studies of low methodological quality, and 13 non-analytical studies. There were significant and independent associations between challenging behaviours and urinary incontinence, pain related to cerebral palsy, and chronic sleep problems, and between self-injurious behaviour and visual impairment. No association was found with hearing impairment, bowel incontinence, mobility impairment or epilepsy. Many other physical conditions were not addressed at all. The article concludes that medical conditions can play a role in challenging behaviour, and this should be evaluated in the clinical setting. Recommendations for further research are discussed.
Assessment of behavioral and psychiatric problems in people with Prader–Willi syndrome: a review of the literature
- Author:
- SPENDELOW Jason S.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 8(2), June 2011, pp.104-112.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Prader–Willi syndrome (PSW) is a rare genetic disorder that has a prevalence of 1 in 50,000 to 70,000 people and equal gender distribution. The clinical presentation of people with PWS involves a wide range of behavioural, psychiatric, neurocognitive, and medical problems. The aim of this review is to help clinicians make a comprehensive assessment of mental health problems with this population. People with PWS are particularly susceptible to the development of problems in the areas of hyperphagia, compulsions and repetitive behaviour, self-injury (especially skin-picking), and aggressive behaviours. The most common psychiatric features in people with PWS are psychosis, affective disorders, and obsessive–compulsive disorders. Assessment should involve consideration of how behavioural and psychiatric problems can be influenced by neurocognitive functioning and medical issues. The heterogeneous and progressive nature of many behavioural and psychiatric problems in this population presents significant challenges to psychological assessment and management. Comprehensive assessment requires an understanding of the phenotype of Prader–Willi syndrome, and associated issues that can impact upon clinical presentation.