Search results for ‘Subject term:"learning disabilities"’ Sort:
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Challenging behaviour: the causes (part II)
- Authors:
- KORITSAS Stella, IACONO Teresa
- Journal article citation:
- Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 6(5), 2012, pp.236-248.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
The second in a two-part series, this paper aims to provide an overview of the dominant approaches used to explain the causes of challenging behaviour. It presents the causes of challenging behaviour according to 3 theoretical approaches which have dominated the literature: applied behaviour analysis, biological factors, and psychiatric disorders. The authors argue that the causes of challenging behaviour are likely to be complex and involve multiple factors, but that the 3 main approaches focus on single causes and do not explore possible interactions between various causes. They propose a fourth approach, the biopsychosocial model (which encourages consideration of biological, psychological, and social factors), as an alternative model to explain the causes of challenging behaviour.
Factors related to self-rated participation in adolescents and adults with mild intellectual disability: a systematic literature review
- Authors:
- ARVIDSSON Patrik, GRANLUND Mats, THYBERG Mikael
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 21(3), May 2008, pp.277-291.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Self-rated participation is a clinically relevant intervention outcome for people with mild intellectual disability. The aim of this systematic review was to analyse empirical studies that explored relationships between either environmental factors or individual characteristics and aspects of participation in young adults with mild intellectual disability. Four databases were used, 756 abstracts examined and 24 studies were evaluated in-depth. Four aspects of participation were found: involvement, perceptions of self, self-determination and psychological well-being. Reported environmental factors were: social support, choice opportunity, living conditions, school, work and leisure, attitudes, physical availability and society. Reported individual characteristics were adaptive and social skills. The review concludes there is a relative lack of studies of factors influencing self-rated participation and existing studies are difficult to compare because of disparity regarding approaches, conceptual frameworks, etc. For adequate interventions, it seems important to study how profiles of participation are influenced by different patterns of environmental factors and individual characteristics.
The vulnerability and sexual abuse of people with learning disabilities
- Author:
- PECKHAM Nicholas Guy
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 35(2), June 2007, pp.131-137.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
This article summarises the research literature in the area of sexual abuse of people with learning disabilities and its possible consequences.
Personality and behavioural changes do not precede memory problems as possible signs of dementia in ageing people with Down syndrome
- Authors:
- BLOK J.B., SCHEIRS J.G.M., THIJM N.S.
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 32(12), 2017, pp.1257-1263.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Objective: The objective was to find out whether changes in personality and adaptive functioning or memory processes decline first in ageing people with Down syndrome. Methods: The authors measured these variables cross-sectionally in a Dutch sample (22 to 62 years of age) of 68 institutionalised people with Down syndrome. Results: The scores on all the variables except one of the temperament scales were found to decline gradually with increasing age, but deterioration of episodic memory started earlier. Conclusions: The authors argued that a subset of their sample suffered from dementia. Furthermore, the data suggested that immediate memory impairment is one of the earliest signs of the disease in people with Down syndrome, just as it is in the general population. (Edited publisher abstract)
Choices for people with intellectual disabilities: official discourse and everyday practice
- Authors:
- ANTAKI Charles, FINLAY W. M. L., WALTON Chris
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 6(4), December 2009, pp.260-266.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Official policies on "choice" for people with intellectual impairments tend toward fundamental life choices (e.g., who to marry, what job to work at) at the expense of the minor but more frequent concerns of daily living (when to wash, what to eat, where to go in the evening). The authors undertook an examination of how choice policies are actualised in day-to-day activities in two group homes. Data were drawn from a broader ethnographic study of residential services for people with intellectual disabilities serviced by National Health Service Trust in the United Kingdom. Conversation analysis, used to explicate the interactions, showed how staff, although undoubtedly well-meaning, use the discourse of choice to promote institutional managerial objectives, thus demonstrating a gap between practice and overarching policy theory and recommendations.
PTSD in adults with intellectual disabilities: stabilisation during inpatient stay
- Authors:
- TVETER Louise, HOEIDAL Siv Helene, KILDAHL Arvid Nikolai
- Journal article citation:
- Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 8(4), 2014, pp.237-247.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: This paper describes and discusses interventions of stabilisation of emotions and behaviour in adults with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Design/methodology/approach: The study investigates interventions of stabilisation in persons with more severe intellectual disability; i.e. persons with moderate or severe intellectual disabilities. Five patients in a specialised psychiatric inpatient unit for patients with intellectual disabilities were included. Information about treatment of the patients was collected through case files, observations, and interviews. The authors of this paper followed a training programme for trauma therapists in addition to the inpatient treatment of the five patients. Findings: Six main areas of stabilisation of emotions and behaviour were identified: validation, anxiety relief, treatment of depressed mood, increased mastering of daily activities, protection against anxiety triggers, and facilitated staff communication. Protection from anxiety triggers seems to be a core element of milieu therapy interventions. Interventions for neurotypical PTSD patients, such as exposure therapy may be contraindicated for patients with more severe intellectual disabilities. Originality/value: Research on interventions of stabilisation towards adults with more severe intellectual disabilities is still in its infancy. The case reports may help milieu therapists to facilitate interventions towards patients with moderate or severe intellectual disabilities. (Edited publisher abstract)
Long-term affective disorder in people with mild learning disability
- Authors:
- RICHARDS Marcus, et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, December 2001, pp.523-527.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
This study aimed to determine risk of affective disorder in those classified with mild learning disability in the British 1946 birth cohort and to investigate whether this risk was accounted for by disadvantage in childhood and adulthood. Showed that learning disability was associated with a fourfold increase in risk of affective disorder, not accounted for by social and material disadvantage or by medical disorder.