Search results for ‘Subject term:"learning disabilities"’ Sort:
Results 1 - 10 of 35
Dedifferentiation and people with intellectual disabilities in the Australian National Disability Insurance Scheme: bringing research, politics and policy together
- Author:
- BIGBY Christine
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 45(4), 2020, pp.309-319.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
Background: Dedifferentiated policy treats adults with intellectual disabilities as part of the larger group of people with disabilities. The implications of the dedifferentiated National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) for adults with intellectual disabilities are explored. Methods: Analysis of peer reviewed and grey literature between 2014 and 2020 about design of the NDIS and outcomes. Results: Many participants experienced problems with NDIS implementation. Outcomes for adults with intellectual disabilities compared poorly to other groups. They were disadvantaged by standardised planning processes relying on self-expressed needs and omission of supported decision making. As the NDIS matures, it is becoming more differentiated but issues relevant to adults with intellectual disability remain largely invisible. Conclusions: Further shifts towards standardised planning and functional assessment may be disadvantageous for adults with intellectual disabilities for whom support needs are dependent on social and contextual factors, and exercise of choice on support for decision making. (Edited publisher abstract)
Resilience in the face of adversity in adults with an intellectual disability: a literature review
- Authors:
- SCHEFFERS Femke, VUGT Eveline van, MOONEN Xavier
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 33(5), 2020, pp.828-838.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Background: Persons with an intellectual disability are at a higher risk of experiencing adversities. The concept of resilience offers promising insights into facilitating personal growth after adversity. The current study aims at providing an overview of the current research on resilience and the way this can contribute to quality of life in people with intellectual disability. Method: A literature review was conducted in the databases PsycINFO and Web of Science. To evaluate the quality of the studies, the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used. Results: The themes, autonomy, self‐acceptance and physical health, were identified as internal sources of resilience. External sources of resilience can be found within the social network and daily activities. Conclusion: The current overview shows promising results to address resilience in adults with intellectual disability. More research is needed to identify the full range of resiliency. (Edited publisher abstract)
Personality disorder and intellectual disability: concept and prevalence
- Author:
- ANDERSEN Hilde Katrine
- Journal article citation:
- Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 9(4), 2015, pp.163-173.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Purpose: The range of prevalence of personality disorder (PD) found in people with intellectual disability (ID) has been reported as vast, and has included data from dissimilar settings. The purpose of this paper is to review the reported prevalence of PD in the general population of people with ID, and to consider how different and changing ideas about PD have affected these rates. Design/methodology/approach: Cross-sectional studies of the prevalence of PD in people with ID were identified. The quality of the studies was considered, along with how cases of PD were identified. Findings: Six studies were included. The reported prevalence of PD in people known to have ID ranged from 0.7 to 35 per cent. Possible reasons for this wide range included different views of PD and methods of assessment. Research limitations/implications: The wide range of findings suggests that methodological differences are significant. Consideration to how clinicians should respond to the overlap of impairment between ID and PD may improve the conceptual clarity of PD, informing future epidemiological research. Originality/value: This review was limited to studies of samples likely to be representative of the general ID population. The range of prevalence estimates was narrower than previously reported, and more likely to reflect the true prevalence rate of PD amongst people who have ID. Consideration was also given to how different ideas of PD led to different methods and may have contributed to variance in the results. (Publisher abstract)
Challenging behaviour and associated risk factors: an overview (part I)
- Authors:
- KORITSAS Stella, IACONO Teresa
- Journal article citation:
- Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 6(4), 2012, pp.199-214.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
This review, the first in a two-part series, explores challenging behaviour in adults, its prevalence, risk factors and causes. It aims to provide an overview of prevalence studies and explore the various risk factors that have been associated with challenging behaviour. The authors also seek to explore methodological differences across studies that may contribute to the prevalence variations reported in the literature. The article summarises the findings from frequently cited prevalence studies as well as more recent studies. The prevalence of challenging behaviour reported in the literature has varied due to methodological differences across studies. Despite this, the best estimate is believed to be from 15 to 17.5 per cent. A range of factors have been associated with challenging behaviour and include gender, age, severity of disability and residential setting.
How to fail as a family therapist working with adults with learning disabilities: a paradoxical literature review
- Author:
- PURDY Lloyd
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Family Therapy, 34(4), November 2012, pp.419-430.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the application of systemic family therapy approaches, methods and techniques to problems encountered by those living with learning disabilities and their social networks. As reports of success in this area increase, however, it is clear that this marginalised group of people continue to suffer from a lack of a ‘theory of failure’. This article overcomes this deficit through a brief review of the literature that forms the basis of such a paradoxical description, and provides advice for social workers on how to help those living with learning disabilities provide family therapy.
Use of ECT in patients with an intellectual disability: review
- Authors:
- COLLINS Jessica, HALDER Neel, CHAUDHRY Nasim
- Journal article citation:
- Psychiatrist (The), 36(2), February 2012, pp.55-60.
- Publisher:
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
Although adults with an intellectual disability display a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders than in the general adult population, the existing literature on the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in patients with an intellectual disability is limited. This review examined articles on ECT published before March 2010. All age ranges, severity of disability and diagnoses were included. The review found 72 case reports, a retrospective chart review study and other reviews, but no controlled studies. Seventy nine per cent of patients showed a positive outcome following ECT. Complications were seen only in 13% and there were no reports of cognitive decline. Thirty two per cent of patients relapsed following ECT, and the majority were maintained with medication at follow-up (71%). Obstacles to its use include diagnostic difficulties, ethical and legal issues, a lack of objective measurements and uncertainty about its safety in this population. The authors concluded that ECT was a valuable treatment for this patient group and should be considered earlier as opposed to as a last resort.
Adapting individual psychotherapy for adults with intellectual disabilities: a comparative review of the cognitive-behavioural and psychodynamic literature
- Authors:
- WHITEHOUSE Richard M., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 19(1), March 2006, pp.55-65.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Historically, adults with intellectual disabilities have had little access to individual psychotherapy. Over the last 20 years an increasing body of literature has described psychotherapy with adults with intellectual disabilities and reported methods for adapting traditional psychotherapeutic techniques. This review identified the frequency of adaptations suggested by Hurley et al. (1998) [Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, vol. 10, pp. 365–386] within cognitive behavioural and psychodynamic studies with adults with intellectual disabilities. Twenty-five studies were reviewed, 10 cognitive–behavioural and 15 psychodynamic. A total of 94 adaptations were identified. Within cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) studies, flexibility in method was the most frequently considered adaptation whilst transference and counter transference issues were most frequently considered within psychodynamic studies. Across the two approaches, disability and rehabilitation issues were given the least consideration. Implications for practitioners and services are highlighted along with recommendations for future research.
Prevalence of co‐occurring psychiatric disorders in adults and adolescents with intellectual disability: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
- Authors:
- MAZZA Mario G., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 33(2), 2020, pp.126-138.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Background: Subjects with intellectual disability (ID) are vulnerable to experience psychiatric disorders. The present authors performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to estimate the prevalence of co‐occurring psychiatric disorders, excluding co‐occurring autism spectrum disorders, in subjects with intellectual disability. Method: The present authors performed a random‐effects meta‐analysis of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in adults and adolescents with intellectual disability. Results: Twenty‐two studies were included. The pooled prevalence of any co‐occurring psychiatric disorders in intellectual disability was 33.6% (95% CI: 25.2%–43.1%) with high heterogeneity but no publication bias. Prevalence was lower in population‐based studies, in studies that used ICD criteria for the psychopathology and in studies with low risk of bias. The prevalence was higher in mild, moderate and severe intellectual disability than in profound intellectual disability. Conclusions: Psychiatric disorders are common in subjects with intellectual disability, and the present authors found that clinical and methodological moderators affect the pooled prevalence. (Edited publisher abstract)
Traumatic brain injury and sexually offensive behaviors
- Author:
- BLASINGAME Gerry D.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(8), 2018, pp.972-977.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
Sexually offensive behaviour is known to be one of many consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI). This article provides a brief review of research to ascertain the effects of TBI in childhood and adulthood as related to cognitive, behavioural, social, and sexual behaviours. Brain impairment is also identified as a result of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Individuals with sexual offending histories are found to have experienced high numbers of ACEs. Sexually offensive and sexual offending behaviours post-TBI appears to occur in between 3.5 and 9% of affected adults (Simpson, Blaszczynski & Hodgkinson, 1999; Simpson, Sabaz & Daher, 2013). It is recommended that treatment providers make themselves aware of the relationship between TBI, ACEs, and sexually offensive behaviour and how this may affect the treatment process. (Edited publisher abstract)
Health professionals working effectively with support workers to enhance the quality of support for adults with intellectual disabilities: a meta-ethnography
- Authors:
- HAINES David, BROWN Alexander
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(2), 2018, pp.200-212.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Background: Paid support workers are often central to the quality of life of adults with intellectual disabilities. Health and social care professionals increasingly carry out interventions indirectly through those support workers and therefore need to understand how best to collaborate. Methods: This article synthesises findings from the qualitative research of others investigating health professionals' work with support staff. From sixty-two articles retrieved from a database and journal search, seven met inclusion criteria and a meta-ethnographic synthesis allowed construction of an interpretive line-of-argument. Results: Thirteen themes within the articles were synthesised into three over-arching constructs, suggesting that professionals should collaborate by providing effective leadership, working in partnership with support workers and managers and recognising the influence of organisational structures and context. Conclusions: As these constructs seem reflective of important components of teamwork, a “line-of-argument” is proposed that it could be helpful for professionals to view themselves as part of a “team” with support workers. (Edited publisher abstract)