Search results for ‘Subject term:"learning disabilities"’ Sort:
Results 31 - 40 of 362
Inpatient assessment of young people with developmental disabilities who offend
- Author:
- GRALTON Ernest
- Journal article citation:
- Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 7(2), 2013, pp.108-116.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
A clinician working provides a brief overview of the needs of young people with developmental disabilities in a secure forensic service setting. The requirements for inpatient assessment and treatment are also discussed. The author highlights the complex nature of this population who are often referred relatively late to inpatient services, often after recurrent failings in residential services where mental disorders are commonly unrecognised. Comprehensive multidisciplinary assessment and treatment are required for this group. This paper will be useful to a range of professionals dealing with adolescents with developmental disabilities who are engaging in offending and other high risk behaviours. (Edited publisher abstract)
Attachment, intellectual disabilities and mental health: research, assessment and intervention
- Authors:
- SCHUENGEL Carlo, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 26(1), 2013, pp.34-46.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Research and practice have recently started to explore the value of attachment theory for understanding and alleviating the challenges that persons with intellectual disabilities face in mental health and social participation. The purpose of this paper is to review the current state of the art on attachment and intellectual disabilities, looking at possible clinical implications for assessment, prevention, intervention and education. The findings are discussed under the following concepts: attachment behaviours; attachment relationships; attachment bonds; attachment representations; attachment styles; and attachment disorders. Of these various attachment-related concepts, insights into attachment behaviours and relationships show the most promise for practical applications in the field of intellectual disabilities. Findings on representations, styles and disorders are inconclusive or preliminary. The paper concludes that attachment-informed research and practice can be part of emerging developmental understanding of functioning with intellectual disabilities.
Nobody made the connection: the prevalence of neurodisability in young people who offend
- Authors:
- HUGHES Nathan, et al
- Publisher:
- Office of the Children's Commissioner
- Publication year:
- 2012
- Pagination:
- 72p.
- Place of publication:
- London
Childhood neurodisability occurs when there is a compromise of the central or peripheral nervous system due to genetic, pre-birth or birth trauma, and/or injury or illness in childhood. This incorporates a wide range of specific neurodevelopmental disorders or conditions. This report presents a review of published evidence in relation to the following research questions: what is the prevalence of various neurodevelopmental disorders amongst young people within the youth justice system secure estate; and what are the key issues for policy and practice associated with these levels of prevalence? The review found that many young people currently in secure settings in England have undiagnosed neurodevelopmental conditions which have directly contributed to their offending behaviour. The report has several key audiences, from national government departments and bodies, to local strategic partnerships and agency leads, to practitioners working with young people with potential neurodevelopmental difficulties.
The efficacy of positive behavioural support with the most challenging behaviour: the evidence and its implications
- Authors:
- LAVIGNA Gary W., WILLIS Thomas J.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 37(3), September 2012, pp.185-195.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
Positive behaviour support (PBS) is behaviour analysis applied in support of people with challenging behaviour. However, questions have been raised as to PBS effectiveness, costs, and accessibility. This review examined the efficacy of 12 outcome studies encompassing 423 cases. Findings indicated that PBS was effective with both severe and high-rate behaviour problems, was cost-effective, used a methodology that was easily trained and widely disseminated, and worked in institutional settings in which the most difficult problems are thought to be, as well as in the community. The major implication of this review is that practitioners may be obligated to use PBS when faced with the need to develop a plan of support given the ethical principle of using the least restrictive method consistent with the right to effective treatment. Implications for practice are discussed.
Challenging behaviour and associated risk factors: an overview (part I)
- Authors:
- KORITSAS Stella, IACONO Teresa
- Journal article citation:
- Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 6(4), 2012, pp.199-214.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
This review, the first in a two-part series, explores challenging behaviour in adults, its prevalence, risk factors and causes. It aims to provide an overview of prevalence studies and explore the various risk factors that have been associated with challenging behaviour. The authors also seek to explore methodological differences across studies that may contribute to the prevalence variations reported in the literature. The article summarises the findings from frequently cited prevalence studies as well as more recent studies. The prevalence of challenging behaviour reported in the literature has varied due to methodological differences across studies. Despite this, the best estimate is believed to be from 15 to 17.5 per cent. A range of factors have been associated with challenging behaviour and include gender, age, severity of disability and residential setting.
Understanding emotional and psychological harm of people with intellectual disability: an evolving framework
- Authors:
- ROBINSON Sally, CHENOWETH Lesley
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Adult Protection, 14(3), 2012, pp.110-121.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
A framework for better understanding the emotional and psychological abuse and neglect of people with intellectual disability was developed to support a narrative study with people with intellectual disability, families and other supporters about the lived experience of this maltreatment in disability accommodation services in Australia. This paper describes the underpinning review of emotional and psychological abuse and neglect and the evolving new framework. A review of existing understandings of this form of abuse in research and policy was conducted, and a framework developed and tested for “trustworthiness”. Based on the review, a framework of emotional and psychological abuse and neglect is presented. It centres on the misuse of power and control, details behaviours and interactions which can occur when it is inflicted, and is tested against the experiences of people who have experienced this sort of abuse and neglect. The authors concluded that further research is needed to test the robustness of the framework.
Structured observational research in services for people with learning disabilities
- Author:
- MANSELL Jim
- Publisher:
- NIHR School for Social Care Research
- Publication year:
- 2011
- Pagination:
- 31p.
- Place of publication:
- London
The authors review structured observational research, primarily in services for people with learning disabilities. Observational research is of particular value where people using services are unable to answer interviews or questionnaires about their experiences, and where proxy respondents may not be sufficiently accurate sources of data. The review illustrates the use of observational data in assessing and improving the quality of services. Drawing on the published research evaluating services for people with learning disabilities, it deals with the question of what to observe and how to define it so that the information gathered is valid and reliable. It discusses sampling in order to obtain representative information, considers the practical steps that have to be taken in order to make observations in services, and, using examples from the research literature, it shows how to analyse and present observational data.
What is right? Ethics in intellectual disabilities research
- Authors:
- McDONALD Katherine E., KIDNEY Colleen A.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 9(1), March 2012, pp.27-39.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
There are important benefits to including with adults with intellectual disabilities in research. This review explored the literature on ethical practices associated with research with adults with intellectual disabilities. It conducted a thematic analysis of 37 articles that met inclusion criteria. Findings revealed three overarching themes: guiding frameworks and approaches; strategies to promote accountability to ethics; and making decisions about participation, including considerations for coercion, capacity to consent, surrogate decision-making, and promoting understanding. There were diverse recommendations for ethical research practices, characterized by a lack of consensus, and gaps in knowledge and practice. The authors concluded that systematically studying diverse ethical aspects of research, and identifying and considering the perspectives of persons with intellectual disabilities may represent critical next steps. They suggested that research collaborations between academics and persons with intellectual disabilities present opportunities to further strengthen the ethical integrity of research in the field.
Respite and parental relinquishment of care: a comprehensive review of the available literature
- Authors:
- NANKERVIS Karen L., ROSEWARNE Andrea C., VASSOS Maria V.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 8(3), September 2011, pp.150-162.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Families often have to relinquish care of a family member with a disability. The disabled person is often placed in respite care until suitable permanent accommodation is organised or they are able to return home. This literature review examined the issues associated with the need for urgent respite and how this need may link to relinquishment of care. Findings indicated that many families and carers feel that their respite needs are not being met and that certain individual and family characteristics are associated with need for urgent respite (such as severe disability, poor support, and carer distress). Relinquishment involving other client groups' suggests increased requests for respite being an early warning sign for relinquishment. It also notes that challenging behaviours, poor coping and lack of support, dire financial concerns, and carer distress are factors that often lead to relinquishment. Interventions such as active support and cognitive behavioural therapy can support families who are considering relinquishment or have relinquished care. Empirically based information regarding relinquishment of care involving people with intellectual disabilities is limited. The authors urge further research into this issue to aid the identification of strategies to more effectively support families.
Deinstitutionalization and quality of life of individuals with intellectual disability: a review of the international literature
- Authors:
- CHOWDHURY Monali, BENSON Betsey A.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 8(4), December 2011, pp.256-265.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Deinstitutionalisation of individuals with intellectual disabilities is based on the idea that quality of life (QOL) will improve after being moved from institutions to community-based care settings. This international review investigated whether this assumption has become a reality now that the policy of deinstitutionalisation has progressed in many countries. Fifteen studies were examined that assessed QOL as an outcome of community living following deinstitutionalisation. Findings suggested that relocation had a general positive impact on life quality of participants. However, many of the studies found that improvements were most prominent shortly after the move. Participants continued to have low levels of community integration, and there was evidence that healthcare needs were not adequately met in the community. The role of service providers was indicated as vital in the continued development of participants' life quality. The authors concluded that additional research is required to identify the factors that are critical in improving QOL in community-based care.