Purpose: This narrative review aims to examine how trans people with intellectual disabilities are perceived and discussed in the academic literature. Design/methodology/approach: A narrative review was carried out to better understand the positioning of people with intellectual disabilities who identify as trans. Findings: There was a lack of clear terminology, an over medicalization of both people with intellectual disabilities and trans people and evidence that identifying with a non-conforming gender identity was seen as a problem by services. Services need to be better informed about issues around gender identity so that they are able to better support trans people with intellectual disabilities. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, no previous literature review has focused only on trans people with intellectual disabilities.
(Edited publisher abstract)
Purpose: This narrative review aims to examine how trans people with intellectual disabilities are perceived and discussed in the academic literature. Design/methodology/approach: A narrative review was carried out to better understand the positioning of people with intellectual disabilities who identify as trans. Findings: There was a lack of clear terminology, an over medicalization of both people with intellectual disabilities and trans people and evidence that identifying with a non-conforming gender identity was seen as a problem by services. Services need to be better informed about issues around gender identity so that they are able to better support trans people with intellectual disabilities. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, no previous literature review has focused only on trans people with intellectual disabilities.
(Edited publisher abstract)
Subject terms:
literature reviews, learning disabilities, transgender people, medical model;
Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 11(3), 2020, pp.159-169.
Publisher:
Emerald
Expert consensus is that people with an intellectual disability are over represented across the criminal justice setting (CJS). Primary research studies have been conducted in police stations and prisons, but little is known about the prevalence of this population in the court setting. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a literature review to find out more about the prevalence of defendants with an intellectual disability in court. Design/methodology/approach: A literature review was conducted using standard systematic review methodology (Julian et al., 2011) and the PRISMA reporting guidelines (Moher et al., 2009).Findings: Two papers met the inclusion criteria and were critically appraised. The papers reported prevalence findings ranging from 10%–20%.Research limitations/implications: Differences in study design, sampling, recruitment and diagnostic criteria affect the ability to make comparisons or synthesise findings.Practical implications: It is important that future primary and secondary research studies standardise operational terms to enable true comparison between studies, systematic reviews and evidence syntheses.Social implications: Defendants with an intellectual disability need to be identified to enable criminal justice professionals to make reasonable adjustments to proceedings and consider diversion and alternative disposal options. This will likely improve outcomes for this population and reduce recidivism.Originality/value: This literature review contributes to the growing evidence base about meeting the criminal justice needs of people with a learning disability and recognition of the increased prevalence across the CJS and specifically within the court setting.
(Edited publisher abstract)
Expert consensus is that people with an intellectual disability are over represented across the criminal justice setting (CJS). Primary research studies have been conducted in police stations and prisons, but little is known about the prevalence of this population in the court setting. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a literature review to find out more about the prevalence of defendants with an intellectual disability in court. Design/methodology/approach: A literature review was conducted using standard systematic review methodology (Julian et al., 2011) and the PRISMA reporting guidelines (Moher et al., 2009).Findings: Two papers met the inclusion criteria and were critically appraised. The papers reported prevalence findings ranging from 10%–20%.Research limitations/implications: Differences in study design, sampling, recruitment and diagnostic criteria affect the ability to make comparisons or synthesise findings.Practical implications: It is important that future primary and secondary research studies standardise operational terms to enable true comparison between studies, systematic reviews and evidence syntheses.Social implications: Defendants with an intellectual disability need to be identified to enable criminal justice professionals to make reasonable adjustments to proceedings and consider diversion and alternative disposal options. This will likely improve outcomes for this population and reduce recidivism.Originality/value: This literature review contributes to the growing evidence base about meeting the criminal justice needs of people with a learning disability and recognition of the increased prevalence across the CJS and specifically within the court setting.
(Edited publisher abstract)
Subject terms:
criminal justice, learning disabilities, literature reviews, law courts;
Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 24(2), 2020, p.233–252.
Publisher:
Sage
Place of publication:
London
The effectiveness of a range of psychological models adapted for use with people with intellectual disabilities has been well documented. A number of studies have used qualitative methods to examine people with intellectual disabilities’ experiences of these adapted interventions. Such research is important for identifying service users’ views on the helpful and challenging aspects of psychological interventions to ensure that they meet the needs of people with intellectual disabilities. To consolidate this research, a systematic review using a meta-ethnographic approach was undertaken. A systematic search identified 16 relevant studies. These studies were reviewed, critically appraised and key themes were extracted. Five key concepts were identified: adapting to therapy, the therapeutic environment, group dynamics, the therapeutic relationship and the impact of therapy on life. The need for further consideration of power differentials within the therapeutic relationship and further adaptations to ensure accessibility of therapy for people with intellectual disabilities is discussed.
(Publisher abstract)
The effectiveness of a range of psychological models adapted for use with people with intellectual disabilities has been well documented. A number of studies have used qualitative methods to examine people with intellectual disabilities’ experiences of these adapted interventions. Such research is important for identifying service users’ views on the helpful and challenging aspects of psychological interventions to ensure that they meet the needs of people with intellectual disabilities. To consolidate this research, a systematic review using a meta-ethnographic approach was undertaken. A systematic search identified 16 relevant studies. These studies were reviewed, critically appraised and key themes were extracted. Five key concepts were identified: adapting to therapy, the therapeutic environment, group dynamics, the therapeutic relationship and the impact of therapy on life. The need for further consideration of power differentials within the therapeutic relationship and further adaptations to ensure accessibility of therapy for people with intellectual disabilities is discussed.
(Publisher abstract)
Subject terms:
learning disabilities, psychotherapy, systematic reviews, literature reviews;
Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(1), 2018, pp.132-141.
Publisher:
Wiley
Background: Inclusive research is increasingly common in intellectual disabilities research, but ways in which voice of co-researchers with intellectual disabilities is presented remain underexplored in the literature. Materials and Method: The authors conducted a literature review and analysis of peer-reviewed journal articles reporting on inclusive research. The aim was to explore the ways the voices of co-researchers with intellectual disabilities are represented in published peer-reviewed journal articles. Results: The findings indicate that there are a wide range of ways in which inclusive research projects are reported in peer-reviewed journals. However, the experiences, views and opinions of co-researchers are often either absent or very selectively reported. Conclusions: The article concludes that although inclusive research has proliferated in the 21st century, more attention needs to be paid to the ways in which the voices of co-researchers with intellectual disabilities are heard in formal academic contexts. Guidelines for future practice are offered.
(Publisher abstract)
Background: Inclusive research is increasingly common in intellectual disabilities research, but ways in which voice of co-researchers with intellectual disabilities is presented remain underexplored in the literature. Materials and Method: The authors conducted a literature review and analysis of peer-reviewed journal articles reporting on inclusive research. The aim was to explore the ways the voices of co-researchers with intellectual disabilities are represented in published peer-reviewed journal articles. Results: The findings indicate that there are a wide range of ways in which inclusive research projects are reported in peer-reviewed journals. However, the experiences, views and opinions of co-researchers are often either absent or very selectively reported. Conclusions: The article concludes that although inclusive research has proliferated in the 21st century, more attention needs to be paid to the ways in which the voices of co-researchers with intellectual disabilities are heard in formal academic contexts. Guidelines for future practice are offered.
(Publisher abstract)
Subject terms:
participatory research, learning disabilities, literature reviews;
Advances in Mental Health and Learning Disabilities, 3(1), March 2009, pp.47-51.
Publisher:
Emerald
It has been suggested that over the last decade interest in and delivery of psychological therapy for people with learning disabilities have increased (Beail et al, 2005). While the literature continues to highlight the need for further evidence of its effectiveness (Willner, 2005) there is a general ‘swell of opinion’ that psychological therapy for individuals with learning disabilities is helpful (Mason, 2007). A component of psychological therapy that is generally considered to be universally important is the quality of the relationship between therapist and client (Clarkson, 2003). However, in the relatively new field of psychological therapies for people with learning disabilities, there remains a poor empirical and theoretical understanding of the role and potential complexities of the therapeutic relationship. The paper explores some of the existing literature in this field. It highlights the limited empirical evidence before exploring some of the common themes outlined so far in the clinical literature. The paper concludes with some suggestions for future research in this area.
It has been suggested that over the last decade interest in and delivery of psychological therapy for people with learning disabilities have increased (Beail et al, 2005). While the literature continues to highlight the need for further evidence of its effectiveness (Willner, 2005) there is a general ‘swell of opinion’ that psychological therapy for individuals with learning disabilities is helpful (Mason, 2007). A component of psychological therapy that is generally considered to be universally important is the quality of the relationship between therapist and client (Clarkson, 2003). However, in the relatively new field of psychological therapies for people with learning disabilities, there remains a poor empirical and theoretical understanding of the role and potential complexities of the therapeutic relationship. The paper explores some of the existing literature in this field. It highlights the limited empirical evidence before exploring some of the common themes outlined so far in the clinical literature. The paper concludes with some suggestions for future research in this area.
Subject terms:
learning disabilities, literature reviews, psychotherapy, staff-user relationships;
Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 22(2), March 2009, pp.126-134.
Publisher:
Wiley
This review describes procedures to reduce and eliminate physical restraint of people with intellectual disability. One approach is to assess antecedent conditions associated with restraint and change them so that they no longer produce restraint-provoking behaviour. A second approach is to decrease the duration of restraint by establishing a fixed-time release (FTR) criterion. Research supporting these approaches within community-based service settings are presented. Results found physical restraint can be effectively reduced and eliminated using antecedent intervention procedures and FTR contingencies.
This review describes procedures to reduce and eliminate physical restraint of people with intellectual disability. One approach is to assess antecedent conditions associated with restraint and change them so that they no longer produce restraint-provoking behaviour. A second approach is to decrease the duration of restraint by establishing a fixed-time release (FTR) criterion. Research supporting these approaches within community-based service settings are presented. Results found physical restraint can be effectively reduced and eliminated using antecedent intervention procedures and FTR contingencies.
Subject terms:
intervention, learning disabilities, literature reviews, physical restraint;
Advances in Mental Health and Learning Disabilities, 2(1), March 2008, pp.4-10.
Publisher:
Emerald
This article reviews the literature on personality disorder in offenders with learning disabilities, using Medline, PsychoInfo and CINAHL databases, and search terms ‘offending’, ‘personality disorder and intellectual disabilities’, ‘learning disabilities’ and related terms. Methods of defining offending population, personality disorder and learning disabilities vary greatly, and few studies focus specifically on personality disorder, learning disability and offending. The definition of learning disability often encompasses both borderline learning disability and low average intelligence. Personality disorder, especially anti-social personality disorder, is prevalent in offenders with learning difficulties, but less than in the general population, and is associated with higher levels of security and poorer outcomes. The study concludes that there is a continuum of offenders with borderlines and mild learning disabilities, reflected in learning disability forensic services.
This article reviews the literature on personality disorder in offenders with learning disabilities, using Medline, PsychoInfo and CINAHL databases, and search terms ‘offending’, ‘personality disorder and intellectual disabilities’, ‘learning disabilities’ and related terms. Methods of defining offending population, personality disorder and learning disabilities vary greatly, and few studies focus specifically on personality disorder, learning disability and offending. The definition of learning disability often encompasses both borderline learning disability and low average intelligence. Personality disorder, especially anti-social personality disorder, is prevalent in offenders with learning difficulties, but less than in the general population, and is associated with higher levels of security and poorer outcomes. The study concludes that there is a continuum of offenders with borderlines and mild learning disabilities, reflected in learning disability forensic services.
Subject terms:
learning disabilities, literature reviews, offenders, personality disorders;
No One Knows is a UK-wide programme led by the Prison Reform Trust that aims to effect change by exploring and publicising the experiences of people with learning difficulties and learning disabilities who come into contact with the criminal justice system. The programme runs until October 2008, it is supported by The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund and is chaired by the Rt Hon the Baroness Joyce Quin, former Prisons Minster for England and Wales. This briefing paper outlines a larger review of prevalence and associated needs compiled to provide background information for No One Knows.
No One Knows is a UK-wide programme led by the Prison Reform Trust that aims to effect change by exploring and publicising the experiences of people with learning difficulties and learning disabilities who come into contact with the criminal justice system. The programme runs until October 2008, it is supported by The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund and is chaired by the Rt Hon the Baroness Joyce Quin, former Prisons Minster for England and Wales. This briefing paper outlines a larger review of prevalence and associated needs compiled to provide background information for No One Knows.
Subject terms:
learning disabilities, literature reviews, needs, offenders;
University of Leicester. Nuffield Community Care Studies Unit
Publication year:
1995
Pagination:
57p
Place of publication:
Leicester
The Health of the Nation document (1992) identified services for mentally disordered offenders (MDOs) as a priority problem. It is against this background that Leicestershire Health has asked for a literature review of services for this client category in order to inform the commissioning process. This review is chiefly concerned with the overall pattern of services which should be available for MDOs and does not include material specific to the technical skills of the various professionals who provide help for MDOs. For example, there is no discussion of the sorts of therapies which can be used for different sorts of offenders. It is assumed that such information will form part of individual professionals' own skills. Information is not given on specific client categories, such as women, ethnic minorities and people with learning disabilities, or on consumer views.
The Health of the Nation document (1992) identified services for mentally disordered offenders (MDOs) as a priority problem. It is against this background that Leicestershire Health has asked for a literature review of services for this client category in order to inform the commissioning process. This review is chiefly concerned with the overall pattern of services which should be available for MDOs and does not include material specific to the technical skills of the various professionals who provide help for MDOs. For example, there is no discussion of the sorts of therapies which can be used for different sorts of offenders. It is assumed that such information will form part of individual professionals' own skills. Information is not given on specific client categories, such as women, ethnic minorities and people with learning disabilities, or on consumer views.
Extended abstract:
Author:DREWETT Alison Title: A literature review of services for mentally disordered offenders Publisher: University of Leicester. Nuffield Community Care Studies Unit, 1995
Summary
This review is chiefly concerned with the overall pattern of services which should be available for mentally disordered offenders (MDOs), and does not include material specific to the technical skills of the various professionals who provide help for MDOs. For example, there is no discussion of the sorts of therapies which can be used for different sorts of offenders. It is assumed that such information will form part of individual professionals' own skills. Information is not given on specific client categories, such as women, ethnic minorities and people with learning disabilities, or on consumer views.
Context
The Health of the Nation document (1992) identified services for mentally disordered offenders (MDOs) as a priority problem. It is against this background that Leicestershire Health asked for a literature review of services for this client category in order to inform the commissioning process.
Contents
The introduction gives the background and explains how the review was carried out, concentrating chiefly on collecting unpublished and less readily available information (‘grey literature') from the varied agencies which purchase and provide services for this client category. Section 2 discusses numbers of mentally disordered offenders and the psychiatric needs of prisoners, those in contact with the probation service, those taken to police stations, and all offenders. Section 3 is about multi-agency working, discussing the problems and concluding that many agencies are now engaging in a multi-disciplinary approach and authorities are beginning to try to identify what works. The following chapters examine some of the services being put in place. Section 4 is on diverting MDOs, asking why this is done, describing where diversion takes place and the numbers identified and diversion schemes, and discussing effectiveness. Secure accommodation for mentally disordered offenders is discussed in Section 5: prisons, special hospitals, regional secure units, and psychiatric wards, ending with service developments in providing a coherent secure service and assessing risk. Section 6 covers community care for MDOs, with sections on training and service problems. The publication concludes that although the principle of providing health care instead of punishment for MDOs is not new, coherent health and social care is not available for all in the UK , and the level depends very much on where they live. Agencies must work together. The comparatively few offenders presenting serious danger tend to distort responses, with the risk of resources being concentrated on them at the expense of the far more numerous others. Some psychopaths may not receive any health care because they are considered untreatable. All parts are interdependent and repercussions of neglect will be felt elsewhere. While, in theory, there is a push towards helping all types of clients have access to generic services, there is nevertheless some call for specific services staffed by for generic professionals.those trained to help MDOs – as if, in practice, generic services were not answering. Given the scale of need, services are unlikely to be able to given all the help all MDOs need, so there must be a balance between providing highly specialised services on the one hand and, on the other, educating staff in generic services so that they are able to respond to the needs of MDOs. Specialist staff should be available in an advisory capacity
64 references
Subject terms:
learning disabilities, literature reviews, mental health services, mentally disordered offenders;