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Difficulties with age estimation of internet images of south-east Asian girls
- Authors:
- STATHOPULU Eleni, HULSE J. Anthony, CANNING David
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse Review, 12(1), January 2003, pp.46-57.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Community paediatricians are increasingly asked to provide expert opinion on internet child pornography related to sex tourism, mostly in south-east Asian countries. The girls involved are often prepubertal, and the main legal question is to establish whether they are under 13 years of age. This paper provides a review of the literature related to this question. Although there are limited data of age of menarche from the countries at risk of sex tourism, one recent study from the Philippines showed that the mean age of menarche was similar to the mean age of British girls born between 1982 and 1986. There are no data in the above countries on the early pubertal changes in breast development, but studies from India and China suggested that these might be more prolonged than for British girls. In particular, the interval between B2 stage (early pubertal breast development) and menarche was nearly 3 years in these developing countries, compared with 2 years for the British girls. Maternal malnutrition and girls small for gestational age at birth resulted in an earlier menarche, while chronic malnutrition, severe enough to cause stunting in preschool years, caused a delay in menarche. Taking into account information from the existing studies, the authors estimated that 97.5% of south-east Asian girls will show pubertal changes of B2 stage by the age of 13.7 years.
Different roots in common ground: transnatioinalism and migrant domestic workers in London
- Author:
- ANDERSON Bridget
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(4), October 2001, pp.673-683.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
Discusses the work of the United Workers' Association (UWA), a migrant domestic workers' group based in London that has successfully campaigned for changes in immigration rules. Members link with their countries of origin through remittances and communications with family, and use the organisation to meet up with women from the same region and/or state. However, what is particular about this group is that gender, a common immigration status, and shared employments experiences have provided a basis for members to organise despite national, ethnic and religious differences. Their struggle for visas has met with opposition both by the receiving state and their states of origin. For most, however, the struggle has been ultimately successful.