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Are gender identity disorders mental disorders? Recommendations for revision of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Transgenderism, 11(1), 2007, pp.53-62.
- Publisher:
- Routledge
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
Gender identity disorders are included as formal diagnoses in both the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the International Classification of Diseases. The fact that gender identity disorders are classified as mental disorders is increasingly being contested, with some critics arguing for removal and others for reform. This article summarizes the diagnostic criteria and reviews the empirical evidence and scientific debate, concluding with recommendations for revision of the Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders set forth by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health and directions for future research.
A comparison of WAIS-R and WAIS-III in the lower IQ range: implications for learning disability diagnosis
- Authors:
- FITZGERALD Suzanne, GRAY Nicola S., SNOWDEN Robert J.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 20(4), July 2007, pp.323-330.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
... were also significantly lower than the corresponding WAIS-R scores. The shift from WAIS-R to WAIS-III means that 66% more people meet criterion A for the diagnosis of learning disability and hence this has major resource implications for health service providers.
Bad science
- Author:
- CAMPAIGN FOR ABOLITION OF THE SCHIZOPHRENIA LABEL
- Journal article citation:
- Openmind, 143, January/February 2007, p.9.
- Publisher:
- MIND
This article presents the arguments of the Campaign for the Abolition of the Schizophrenia Label on why the label of 'schizophrenia' should be abolished. They argue that schizophrenia as a concept is unscientific, stigmatising and does not address the root causes of serious mental illness.
Who cares what the public think about schizophrenia?
- Author:
- READ John
- Journal article citation:
- Openmind, 143, January/February 2007, pp.6-8.
- Publisher:
- MIND
The author discusses how the diagnostic labelling of schizophrenia as an illness creates prejudice and fear.
The assessment of pain in older people: national guidelines
- Authors:
- ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS, BRITISH GERIATRICS SOCIETY, BRITISH PAIN SOCIETY
- Publisher:
- Royal College of Physicians
- Publication year:
- 2007
- Pagination:
- 13p.
- Place of publication:
- London
Pain is a subjective, personal experience, and its assessment is particularly challenging in the presence of severe cognitive impairment, communication difficulties or language and cultural barriers. As a result it is often under-recognised and under-treated in older people. These guidelines form part of a series intended to inform those aspects of physicians’ clinical practice which may be outside their own specialist area and are designed to help them make rapid, informed decisions. The advice is based on synthesis of the best available evidence and expert consensus gathered from practising clinicians and service users. The guidelines set out the key components of assessing pain in older people, together with a variety of practical scales that may be used with different groups, including those with cognitive or communication impairment. The purpose is to provide professionals with a set of practical skills to assess pain as the first step towards its effective management. The guidance is relevant to all healthcare and social care staff and can be applied in a wide variety of settings, including the older person’s own home, in care homes, and in hospital.
Diagnostic manual - intellectual disability (DM-ID): a textbook of diagnosis of mental disorders in persons with intellectual disability
- Authors:
- FLETCHER Robert, et al, (eds.)
- Publisher:
- NADD Press
- Publication year:
- 2007
- Pagination:
- 552p.
- Place of publication:
- Kingston, NY
This diagnostic manual was developed by the National Association for the Dually Diagnosed (NADD), in association with the American Psychiatric Association (APA). It aims to facilitate a more accurate psychiatric diagnosis of people with Intellectual Disabilities. Content includes a description of each psychiatric disorder, a summary of the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria, a review of the research
Which sexual abuse victims receive a forensic medical examination? The impact of Children's Advocacy Centers
- Authors:
- WALSH Wendy A., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 31(1), October 2007, pp.1053-1068.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
This study examines the impact of Children's Advocacy Centers (CAC) and other factors, such as the child's age, alleged penetration, and injury on the use of forensic medical examinations as part of the response to reported child sexual abuse. This analysis is part of a quasi-experimental study, the Multi-Site Evaluation of Children's Advocacy Centers, which evaluated four CACs relative to within-state non-CAC comparison communities. Case abstractors collected data on forensic medical exams in 1,220 child sexual abuse cases through review of case records. Suspected sexual abuse victims at CACs were two times more likely to have forensic medical examinations than those seen at comparison communities, controlling for other variables. Girls, children with reported penetration, victims who were physically injured while being abused, White victims, and younger children were more likely to have exams, controlling for other variables. Non-penetration cases at CACs were four times more likely to receive exams as compared to those in comparison communities. About half of exams were conducted the same day as the reported abuse in both CAC and comparison communities. The majority of caregivers were very satisfied with the medical professional. Receipt of a medical exam was not associated with offenders being charged. Results of this study suggest that CACs are an effective tool for furthering access to forensic medical examinations for child sexual abuse victims.
Duration of prodromal phase and severity of volumetric abnormalities in first-episode psychosis
- Authors:
- LAPPIN Julia M., et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 191(Supplement 51), December 2007, pp.s124-s127.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
First-episode psychosis is typically preceded by a prodrome in which there is deterioration in global and social functioning. The aim was to examine whether the duration of the prodromal phase influences grey and white matter volumes at the onset of psychosis. Eighty-two people were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging when they developed a first episode of psychosis. The duration of the prodromal phase was estimated from detailed interviews and medical records. Voxel-based morphometry was used to assess neuroanatomical abnormalities. A long prodromal phase was associated with smaller grey matter volumes in the cingulate, frontal and left insular cortex, and with less white matter volume bilaterally in the superior longitudinal and uncinate fasciculi and the cingulum. The severity of volumetric abnormalities in first-episode psychosis was greater in those with a long prodrome.
Cognitive and neural processes in non-clinical auditory hallucinations
- Authors:
- BARKUS Emma, et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 191(Supplement 51), December 2007, pp.s76-s81.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
The nosological status of auditory hallucinations in non-clinical samples is unclear. After selection from 1206 people, 68 participants of high, medium and low hallucination proneness completed a task designed to elicit verbal hallucinatory phenomena under conditions of stimulus degradation. Eight subjects who reported hearing a voice when none was present repeated the task during functional imaging. During the signal detection task, the high hallucination-prone participants reported a voice to be present when it was not (false alarms) significantly more often than the average or low participants (P<0.03, d.f.=2). On functional magnetic resonance imaging, patterns of activation during these false alarms showed activation in the superior and middle temporal cortex (P<0.001). Auditory hallucinatory experiences reported in non-clinical samples appear to be mediated by similar patterns of cerebral activation as found during hallucinations in schizophrenia.
Structural brain abnormalities in individuals with an at-risk mental state who later develop psychosis
- Authors:
- BORGWARDT Stefan J., et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 191(Supplement 51), December 2007, pp.s69-s75.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Neuroanatomical abnormalities are a well-established feature of schizophrenia. However, the timing of their emergence and the extent to which they are related to vulnerability to the disorder as opposed to psychotic illness itself is unclear. The aim was to assess regional grey matter volume in the at-risk individuals who subsequently developed psychosis. Magnetic resonance imaging data from at-risk individuals who developed psychosis (n=12) within the following 25 months were compared with data from healthy volunteers (n=22) and people with first-episode psychosis (n=25). Compared with healthy volunteers, individuals who subsequently developed psychosis had smaller grey matter volume in the posterior cingulate gyrus, precuneus, and paracentral lobule bilaterally and in the left superior parietal lobule, and greater grey matter volume in a left parietal/posterior temporal region. Compared with first-episode patients, they had relatively greater grey matter volume in the temporal gyrus bilaterally and smaller grey matter volume in the right lentiform nucleus. Some of the structural brain abnormalities in individuals with an at-risk mental state may be related to an increased vulnerability to psychosis, while others are associated with the development of a psychotic illness.