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The role of shame in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia
- Authors:
- KEEN Nadine, et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(2), 2017, pp.115-129.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Objectives: To examine the role of shame and its relationship to depression in schizophrenia. It was predicted that individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia would exhibit higher levels of shame due to the stigma associated with their diagnosis, independently of depression levels, compared with psychiatric and medical control groups. Design: Cross-sectional design with three groups: individuals with a diagnosis of (1) schizophrenia, (2) depression, and (3) rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: Sixty individuals participated in the study (20 per group). Groups were compared on questionnaires assessing external shame, trait shame and guilt, and depression. Results: The pattern of group differences depended on the type of shame measure used. Both the schizophrenia and depression groups exhibited higher levels of external shame, or seeing others as shaming, than the medical group. For individuals with schizophrenia, seeing others as shaming was associated with higher levels of depression, a relationship not found in either control group. They also showed lower levels of trait guilt and shame (at trend level), compared with both control groups. No difference was found between the groups on depression, suggesting that the observed differences were not attributable to differences in levels of depression. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of shame in schizophrenia, especially the link between seeing other people as shaming and depression, which was unique to this group. These results suggest that stigma associated with a diagnosis of mental illness, and schizophrenia (Publisher abstract)
A systematic review of instruments to measure depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia
- Authors:
- LAKO Irene M., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Affective Disorders, 140, 2012, pp.38-47.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Forty-nine studies examining six instruments used to measure depression in patients with schizophrenia were included in the systematic review. The Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), a newer instrument specially developed for this population, performed better than the other scales, all of which are still used in schizophrenia research.
The survival of psychiatric diagnosis
- Author:
- PILGRIM David
- Journal article citation:
- Social Science and Medicine, 65(3), August 2007, pp.536-547.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Past and current debates about applying medical diagnoses to psychological difference in society are examined. Beginning with a brief historical overview from antiquity to ‘anti-psychiatry’ and a summary of recent debates, the article then offers two case studies of common diagnoses (‘depression’ and ‘schizophrenia’). The main challenge for social science is no longer about what is wrong with psychiatric diagnosis (that is now well rehearsed) but how to account for how and why it has survived. In answering this question about survival, inter-disciplinary work could attend to the pre-empirical positions of mental health researchers; the ways in which mental disorders are similar and different to physical disorders; and the interest work of different social groups defending or attacking psychiatric diagnoses in varying contexts.
Religious attributions pertaining to the causes and cures of mental illness
- Authors:
- HARTOG Kristine, GOW Kathryn M.
- Journal article citation:
- Mental Health Religion and Culture, 8(4), December 2005, pp.263-276.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
In this Australian study, 126 Protestant Christian participants, 52 females and 74 males, were assessed for their beliefs about the importance of 26 causal variables and 25 treatment variables for two mental disorders: Major Depression and Schizophrenia. Factor analysis revealed four causal factors, common to both conditions, labelled as religious factors, physical factors, coping style (RMHI) to measure cognitive dissonance between religious faith and perceptions of mental-health principles. The results revealed that religious beliefs, religious values and cognitive dissonance function as predictors of the attribution of the causes and treatments, for Major Depression and Schizophrenia, to religious factors. An additional finding of this study was that 38.2% of the participants endorsed a demonic aetiology of Major Depression, and 37.4% of the participants endorsed a demonic aetiology of Schizophrenia
Has the medical model a future?
- Authors:
- MCCULLOCH Andrew, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Mental Health Review, 10(1), March 2005, pp.7-15.
- Publisher:
- Pier Professional
Provides an overview of the current and future role of the 'medical model' within mental health care, seeking to locate it within the panoply of models available to explain mental health and illness and assess its merits. It considers its future role and proposes a way forward through synthesis and integration. The implications of this analysis for policy and services are assessed, concluding that we have only just started to think through the process of modernising mental health care using an integrative model.
Give me my life back
- Author:
- -
- Journal article citation:
- Community Care, 9.5.02, 2002, pp.38-39.
- Publisher:
- Reed Business Information
Presents a case study of a man diagnosed with schizophrenia who has been on medication for thirty years and who consequently feels depressed and 'unalive'. Looks at how he could be helped out of his apathy.
Tuning in: a story by a patient and a therapist about making sense of voices
- Authors:
- KNOLS Michel, CORSTENS Dirk
- Journal article citation:
- Mental Health Today, November 2011, pp.28-32.
- Publisher:
- Pavilion
- Place of publication:
- Hove
This article describes the collaboration between a psychiatrist and a patient who was hearing voices. The treatment of the patient was guided by a 3 stage process described in the ‘Maastrich Approach’ to hearing voices. The aim of the treatment was to make sense of the voice hearer’s experiences and to integrate the voices into his life. The stories are described from both the perspective of the psychiatrist and the patient. The work they did is contrasted with the general practice guidelines for treating schizophrenia, and the possible outcomes between the 2 approaches are compared. Reflections are offered on the value of empowerment, ownership, and personal story in formulating psychosis, in contrast to passive concepts of mental illness.
Older adults’ perception of mentally ill older adults
- Authors:
- WEBB Alicia K., JACOB-LAWSON Joy M., WADDELL Erin L.
- Journal article citation:
- Aging and Mental Health, 13(6), November 2009, pp.838-846.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
Many mentally ill older adults are stigmatised, which reduces their quality of life and discourages them from seeking help. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with this stigma. The attitudes of 101 older adults aged from 51 to 87 years towards three hypothetical older women with depression, anxiety or schizophrenia were investigated by means of a questionnaire. The results suggested that schizophrenic persons are viewed as most dangerous and dependent, and thus are probably at greatest risk of social isolation which can compromise their quality of life. The anxious persons were seen as the most responsible for their illness, and may be at risk of suffering stigma and discrimination. Depression fell in the middle of the two on all measures. Men were more critical
Aetiology of depression and schizophrenia: current views of British psychiatrists
- Authors:
- BAILLIE Dave, McCABE Rosemarie, PRIEBE Stefan
- Journal article citation:
- Psychiatric Bulletin, 33(10), October 2009, pp.374-377.
- Publisher:
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
A random survey of 154 British psychiatrists found that genetics, biochemical abnormalities and substance abuse were considered important factors in both illnesses, but beyond this the views varied considerably. Psychological and social factors in depression and biological factors in schizophrenia were regarded as more relevant. Argues that patients are often moved between different teams,
Suicidality in middle aged and older patients with schizophrenia and depressive symptoms: relationship to functioning and Quality of Life
- Authors:
- KASCKOW J., et al
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(12), December 2007, pp.1223-1228.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
... with worse functioning, worse quality of life and older age. The authors examined 146 outpatients with schizophrenia and depression. Patients were at least 40 years old and were diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and had two or more depressive symptoms based on DSM-IV criteria for major depression. The authors assessed suicidality with the Intersept Suicide Scale (ISS) and functioning