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Smoking and depression: a co-morbidity
- Authors:
- BERLIN Ivan, COVEY Lirio S., GLASSMAN Alexander H.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 5(2), April 2009, pp.149-158.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
This literature review, based on searches of PubMed for a ten year period, shows that depression (defined as depressive mood, major depressive disorder or negative affect) increases the risk of smoking, and vice versa. The relationship between depression and smoking cessation is less clear, with some clinical and epidemiological studies concluding that depression has an impact on the ability to quit and others showing no such association. Research has also strongly suggested that commonality in genetic and environmental factors underlies the co-morbidity of smoking and depression, although the specific mechanisms have yet to be identified. The authors conclude that the relationship between depression and smoking is firmly established and that reciprocal relationships between the two are strongly suggested although requiring further investigation.