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The costs of unpaid care: is there an education gradient in women’s time transfers to their parents?
- Author:
- WARING Melody K.
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Care and Caring, 5(1), 2021, pp.85-104.
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
Existing research conflicts on whether women with low socio-economic status transfer more or less resources to aging parents. This article uses a US sample of adult women (n = 5,238) from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, a nationally representative survey that over-samples families of colour. Findings suggest that all education levels are equally likely to transfer any time to parents. However, women with low education are more likely to provide 100 or more hours per year and less likely to receive any time or money from parents. Taken together, women with low education are more likely to have unreciprocated transfers and fewer hours available for non-care work activities. (Edited publisher abstract)
Will I care? The likelihood of being a carer in adult life
- Author:
- CARERS UK
- Publisher:
- Carers UK
- Publication year:
- 2019
- Pagination:
- 16
- Place of publication:
- London
... has a 50:50 chance of caring by the time they are 50, yet most people do not have plans in place. The analysis also shows that women on average take on caring responsibilities over a decade earlier than men, they are also more likely to be caring for more hours than men. With most carers in the middle age, the report also highlights importance of providing support to help carers to remain in the workplace. Based on the analysis, the report proposes policy recommendations to raise awareness of caring, maintain carers health and wellbeing, and enable carers to remain in the workplace. (Edited publisher abstract)
Caregiving transitions: developmental and gendered perspectives
- Authors:
- IVERY Jan M., MUNIZ Gabriela Rivera
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 27(4), 2017, pp.311-320.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
Providing care for family members is a life event that both reflects and influences family dynamics. Caregiving careers, or the length of time a person provides care, are characterised by a series of transitions to which they must continuously adapt. Women are more likely than men to assume the caregiver role and this role encompasses gender inequalities associated with work and caregiving expectations. This article presents qualitative data from interviews conducted with caregivers who participated in a community-based supportive services program. The experiences of these women provide insight into how caregivers transition into their role, strategies for supporting new and experienced caregivers, and their concerns for their future. Developmental and gendered perspectives of caregiving were used as a context to analyse their experiences. (Publisher abstract)
Changes in the value and division of unpaid care work in the UK: 2000 to 2015
- Author:
- OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS
- Publisher:
- Office for National Statistics
- Publication year:
- 2016
- Pagination:
- 22
- Place of publication:
- London
Examines the value and division of unpaid household work using time use data, presenting estimates of the amount and value of informal child and adult care with analyses by sociodemographic variables including sex, age, and labour market status. The paper shows that the estimated value of unpaid childcare in 2015 was £132.4 billion, with 69 per cent of that value accounted for by females. The estimated value of time providing unpaid adult care was £7.97 billion, with 59 per cent accounted for by females. On average, both males and females over 50 have increased the amount of time devoted to unpaid caring of adults, by 15 per cent and 21 per cent respectively between 2000 and 2015. In 2015, compared to those in higher occupations, those in routine or intermediate occupations both provided 28 per cent more adult care on average for members of the same household, but 49 per cent and 36 per cent less (respectively) adult care for members of other households. (Edited publisher abstract)
Age and gender of informal carers: a population-based study in the UK
- Authors:
- DAHLBERG Lena, DEMACK Sean, BAMBRA Clare
- Journal article citation:
- Health and Social Care in the Community, 15(5), September 2007, pp.439-445.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
This paper identifies variations in the age and gender characteristics of informal carers in the UK. The paper is based on the Individual Sample of Anonymous Records, a 3% random sample of the 2001 UK Census. The sample size was 1 825 595. Of this sample, 10% were reported to be carers. The analysis shows that informal caregiving is systematically linked with both age and gender. Caregiving increased with age until reaching a peak in the 45–59 age group, in which almost 20% were carers. Similarly, the amount of time spent caregiving increased with age, with the highest levels of caregiving commitment in people aged 80–89 years. Regarding gender, 11.3% of women were carers compared to 8.6% of men and overall women committed more time to caregiving than men. However, this pattern was reversed in later life (70+), where there was a higher proportion of carers and greater time commitment to caregiving amongst men. While the predominance of women as informal carers has been well reported, the importance of men as informal carers in old age is much less commented upon. This study thus suggests that informal caregiving is most prevalent in groups of the population that, according to previous
The health status of family caregivers in Taiwan: an analysis of gender differences
- Authors:
- CHIOU Chii-Jun, CHEN I.-Pin, WANG Hsiu-Hung
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(9), September 2005, pp.821-826.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
This study aimed to examine what, if any, differences exist between male and female caregivers. The study primarily focused on caregivers who were taking care of a family member. Three hundred and eighty-eight caregivers (280 females and 108 males) were recruited from 16 randomly selected home-care agencies in Southern Taiwan. The participants completed the Chinese Health Questionnaire-12 and the Self-Rated Health Scale. They also completed questionnaires drawn up specifically for the purpose of this study. The results found compared to the male caregivers, the female caregivers more often reported they suffered from symptoms of lack of well being, a decrease in psychosocial health and overall self-rated health. The results reiterate the importance of considering gender differentiation in the caregiving role. Major differences were found in the extent to which negative health consequences were experienced by the male and female caregivers. The results suggest that caregivers, especially female caregivers, urgently require adequate professional health care assistance in order to reduce the negative physical and physiological effects of caregiving on the health caregiver.
Trends in informal care in Great Britain during the 1990s
- Author:
- HIRST Michael
- Journal article citation:
- Health and Social Care in the Community, 9(6), November 2001, pp.348-357.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
This article presents new evidence from annual surveys of the size and composition of the carer population during the 1990s. It describes and interprets recent trends in the prevalence of informal care among adults in Great Britain and estimates absolute and relative changes in the carer population. Goes on to investigate changes in patterns of caregiving, who cares for whom and the time spent on caring activities, to help identify some of the factors that might be shaping informal care in the future years.
Gender, cash and informal care: European perspectives and dilemmas
- Author:
- UNGERSON Clare
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Social Policy, 24(1), January 1995, pp.31-52.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
- Place of publication:
- Cambridge
Recent feminist literature on care has suggested that, conceptually, it is better dissolve the boundaries between 'formal' and 'informal' care when analysing care. Suggests that there are policy developments taking place, both in Britain and in some of the countries of Europe, which are dissolving the boundaries between formal and informal care, particularly as far as payment for care is concerned. Argues that, in this case, far from benefit systems being a form of 'decommodification' they are actually a form of 'commodification' of the caring relationship. The article then explores these empirical developments, considers their gendered nature and gendered impact, and their possible consequences for the relationship between care-giver and care-recipient.
Women as family caregivers: why do they care?
- Authors:
- GUBERMAN Nancy, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Gerontologist, 32(5), 1993, pp.607-617.
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
Reports on Canadian research based on in-depth qualitative interviews. A range of factors (love, guilt and duty, women's social identity built around caring, absences of appropriate services, women's socio-economic dependence, etc.) emerged from an analysis of informants' accounts as reasons why they came to be the primary caregiver.
Them and us - women as carers, clients and social workers
- Author:
- NICE Vivien
- Journal article citation:
- Practice: Social Work in Action, 2(1), Spring 1988, pp.58-73.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
-