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COVID 19 and dementia: experience from six European countries
- Authors:
- BURNS Alistair, et al
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, early cite 18 January 2021,
- Publisher:
- Wiley
The effects of Covid‐19 have been well documented across the world with an appreciation that older people and in particular those with dementia have been disproportionately and negatively affected by the pandemic. This is both in terms of their health outcomes (mortality and morbidity), care decisions made by health systems and the longer‐term effects such as neurological damage. The International Dementia Alliance (IDEAL) is a group of dementia specialists from six European countries and this paper is a summary of our experience of the effects of COVID‐19 on our populations. Experience from England, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland highlight the differential response from health and social care systems and the measures taken to maximise support for older people and those with dementia. The common themes include recognition of the atypical presentation of COVID‐19 in older people (and those with dementia) the need to pay particular attention to the care of people with dementia in care homes; the recognition of the toll that isolation can bring on older people and the complexity of the response by health and social services to minimise the negative impact of the pandemic. Potential new ways of working identified during the pandemic could serve as a positive legacy from the crisis. (Edited publisher abstract)
A place in the sun
- Author:
- EATON Lynn
- Journal article citation:
- Social Work Today, 16.8.90, 1990, pp.14-15.
- Publisher:
- British Association of Social Workers
Residencia Carmen is a publicly owned residential care home for the elderly in Spain - very large by British standards, but with the feel of a holiday complex rather than an institution.
Evaluation of the mental health of care home staff in the Covid-19 era. What price did care home workers pay for standing by their patients?
- Authors:
- MARTIN Josune, et al
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 36(11), 2021, pp.1810-1819.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Background: The characteristics of this pandemic increase the potential psychological impact on care homes workers (CHWs). The aims of this study were to analyze the mental health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of a broad sample of CHWs in Spain and to identify potential factors that have a significant effect on their mental health and HRQoL. Method: This descriptive study comprised 210 CHWs who completed the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Impact Event Scale-Revised, the Insomnia Severity Index, and the Health-related Quality of Life Questionnaire. Sociodemographic and clinical data in relation to COVID-19 were also recorded. Descriptive statistics, univariable analysis and multivariable linear regression models were applied to identify factors associated with mental health and HRQoL. Results: 86.19% of participants were female; 86.67% were aged under 55 years; 11% were physicians and 64.19% were nurses or auxiliaries; 77.62% have themselves tested positive for Covid-19, and 67.94% of CHWs have directly treated patients with Covid-19. 49.28% had clinical depression; over half (58.57%) had clinical anxiety; 70.95% had clinical stress; and 28.57% had clinical insomnia. Increased use of tranquilizers/sedatives appears to be an explanatory variable of suffering greater anxiety, depression, stress and insomnia, and of having a worse HRQoL amongst our CHWs. Conclusions: This study confirms that symptomatology of anxiety, depression, stress, insomnia and HRQoL were affected amongst CHWs during the Covid-19 pandemic. (Edited publisher abstract)
Content validity analysis of ISD-1: an instrument for social diagnosis in care homes for older persons
- Authors:
- CURY Silvia Patricia, ASTRAY Andres Arias, GOMEZ Jose Luis Palacios
- Journal article citation:
- European Journal of Social Work, 22(3), 2019, pp.526-540.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
This article presents the validity study for ISD-1 (Instrument for Social Diagnosis), designed to be used in the specialist field of intervention in care homes for older persons. The study has focused on the evidence regarding the validity of its content. The definition of the operative area of ISD-1 (social diagnosis in care homes), and its representativeness and relevance, are decisive aspects for its validity. Two validation procedures were used, with the participation of two independent groups of experts. Both procedures had the objective of obtaining a quantitative measure assessing the representation of the area and of the degree of association between the dimensions and the items of the instrument. This study suggests that there is a sufficient degree of evidence for the representativeness, relevance and usefulness of the content of ISD-1, meaning it may be considered a suitable instrument for the formulation of social diagnoses in care homes for older persons. (Edited publisher abstract)
As long as they keep away from me: attitudes toward non-heterosexual sexual orientation among residents living in Spanish residential aged care facilities
- Authors:
- VILLAR Feliciano, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Gerontologist, 55(6), 2015, pp.1006-1014.
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
Purpose: The purpose of this article is to shed light on the attitudes of older people living in residential aged care facilities (RACFs) toward non-heterosexual sexual orientation. Design and Methods: Forty-seven residents living in five RACFs located in Catalonia (Spain) were interviewed in relation to the way they would think and react if another resident told them he/she felt sexually attracted to people of the same gender and that he/she had maintained sexual relationships with another man/woman in the home, and whether they would have any problem in sharing common spaces or a room with this resident. Results: Most residents expressed some kind of negative reaction ranging from staying away from the resident in question to extreme rejection, although positive and neutral reactions also emerged. Participants were far more reluctant to share a room with that resident than to share common spaces. Implications: The prevalence of homophobic attitudes among older people living in RACFs seems to be high. This may be a barrier for LGB residents, making the expression of their sexual identity more difficult and leading to discriminatory practices. (Publisher abstract)
Means testing and the heterogeneity of housing assets: funding long-term care in Spain
- Authors:
- COSTA-FONT Joan, MARSCARILLA-MIRO Oscar, ELVIRA David
- Journal article citation:
- Social Policy and Administration, 40(5), October 2006, pp.543-559.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
The access to publicly funded long-term care (LTC) in Spain has been traditionally rationed through the use of means tests based on individuals' current income and needs. However, individuals' wealth, primarily housing assets, is progressively taken into account. Parallel to this feature, the responsibilities for the organization of LTC services have been devolved to region-states – autonomous communities (ACs), giving rise to some regional heterogeneity, though limited evidence has been reported on the underlying determinants. This paper examines the current role of housing assets in determining public and private funding for long-term care in Spain. Secondly, we present a qualitative and quantitative examination of the regional heterogeneity in the provision and public funding criteria determining eligibility for public support for LTC. Finally, we report survey evidence on the individual's willingness to sell (WTS) their housing assets in order to either totally or partially finance the access to LTC. Our findings suggest that housing assets are the main source of wealth accumulation at old age. Yet there is significant regional heterogeneity in the access to LTC resulting from regional differences in the means testing criteria. Progressively, all ACs are considering housing assets in their means testing criteria. Interestingly, individuals' willingness to sell their housing assets declines with age and is more common among less skilled and widowed individuals.
The design of the long-term care system in Spain: policy and financial constraints
- Authors:
- COSTA-FONT Joan, PATXOT Concepio
- Journal article citation:
- Social Policy and Society, 4(1), January 2005, pp.11-20.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
The provision and financing of long-term care (LTC) in Spain has only recently become a policy concern. However, welfare policy reforms show the need to anticipate the effects of a transition from the traditional ‘family-based’ model of care (78 per cent of Spanish elders who are disabled are treated by their own families) to a modern ‘community-based’ model. This paper examines the current models of providing and funding long-term care in Spain and on the basis of the empirical evidence evaluates the prospects for the future organisation and funding of the system.
COVID-19 and policies for care homes in the first wave of the pandemic in European welfare states: Too little, too late?
- Authors:
- DALY Mary, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of European Social Policy, 32(1), 2022, pp.48-59.
- Publisher:
- Sage
This article examines COVID-19 and residential care for older people during the first wave of the pandemic in 2020, comparing a range of countries – Denmark, England, Germany, Italy and Spain – to identify the policy approaches taken to the virus in care homes and set these in institutional and policy context. Pandemic policies towards care homes are compared in terms of lockdown, testing and the supply of personal protective equipment. The comparative analysis shows a clear cross-national clustering: Denmark and Germany group together by virtue of the proactive approach adopted, whereas England, Italy and Spain had major weaknesses resulting in delayed and generally inadequate responses. The article goes on to show that these outcomes and country clustering are embedded in particular long-term care (LTC) policy systems. The factors that we highlight as especially important in differentiating the countries are the resourcing of the sector, the regulation of LTC and care homes, and the degree of vertical (and to a lesser extent horizontal) coordination in the sector and between it and the health sector. (Edited publisher abstract)
Impact and mortality of COVID-19 on people living with dementia: cross-country report
- Authors:
- SUAREZ-GONZALEZ Aida, et al
- Publisher:
- International Long Term Care Policy Network
- Publication year:
- 2020
- Pagination:
- 31
- Place of publication:
- London
This report brings together international evidence on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people living with dementia and an overview of international policy and practice measures to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 among people living with dementia. It draws on data from nine countries: United Kingdom (UK), Spain, Ireland, Italy, Australia, the United States (US), India, Kenya and Brazil. The analysis indicates that the share of people whose deaths were linked to COVID-19 in care homes who had dementia ranges from 29% to 75% across those countries. Within countries, people with dementia account for 25% of all COVID-19 related deaths in England and Wales, 31% in Scotland and 19% in Italy. In many places, the basic human rights of people with dementia may have been compromised during the pandemic. These rights include access to Intensive Care Units, hospital admissions, health care and palliative care. The controversial ban on visits (including spouses and care partners) to care homes across the world, have kept people with dementia detached from essential affective bonds and provision of family care for many months. The report argues that guidance and tools to support institutions and practitioners to respond better to the needs of people with dementia during the pandemic are needed as a matter of urgency. Confinement, isolation and many of the challenges brought about by the pandemic are detrimental to the cognitive and mental health symptoms in people with dementia across the world, both those living in the community and care homes. This report offers a list of short-term and long-term actions needed to ensure that people with dementia are not being left behind in this pandemic or future ones. (Edited publisher abstract)
Design of ISD-1: an instrument for social diagnosis in care homes for older persons
- Authors:
- CURY Silvia Patricia, ASTRAY Andres Arias, GOMEZ Jose Luis Palacios
- Journal article citation:
- European Journal of Social Work, 22(3), 2019, pp.511-525.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
This article describes the design process and main features of an instrument developed for use in the specialist area of intervention in care homes for older persons. The essential aim of ISD-1 (instrument for social diagnosis) is to permit the correct formulation of social diagnoses and to standardise and define the professional language used by social workers. Its content has been organised into 4 dimensions of social diagnosis, divided into 15 sub-dimensions containing 83 diagnostic categories. This work was performed in Spain, in the 24 care homes of the Madrid Social Care Agency of the Community of Madrid, involving the participation of the 40 social workers practising in these centres. ISD-1 is an easily understood and used tool, of potential use for social workers practising in care homes for older persons and capable of being adapted for use in other institutional environments, as well as being capable of adaptation and translation for its application in other countries. (Edited publisher abstract)